What if King Rudolph I had successfully managed to install Albert as successor of the assassinated King Ladislaus IV of Hungary in 1290?
I agree with Marko. An earlier Habsburg would have been possible a bit later; if king of the Romans, king of Hungary, king of Bohemia, archduke of Austria etc. Albert 'the Magnanimous' of Habsburg lives long enough to have more sons and have them reach adulthood. (So Ladislaus wouldn't be the Posthumous.)
A 'healthy' Ladislaus (OTL the Posthumous) or him having a brother or some brothers could help too.
An earlier Habsburg Bohemia (in 1306), so the Habsburg king Rudolf of Bohemia (son of Albert of Germany and grandson of Rudolf of Habsburg) survives, would IMHO have been more feasible. Still Rudolf IOTL died (in 1307) will he was campaigning against rebels (nobles, who opposed his reign).
OTOH Bohemia was a part of the empire, whereas the claim of Rudolf of Habsburg that Hungary was a part of the empire was much more disputed. (Probably even in the HRE and most likely not recognized by most outside the HRE.)
What would need to happen to get an earlier Habsburg Bohemia?