Would it be possible for a modern world to arise where it was not how a people defined themselves that determined states, but whose sword arm was more powerful?
We would have more States with mixed ethnicity and religion. The State would probably be weaker, since there is little identification with the State, and thus not much loyalty. People would probably not care very much which State they belong to.
And since States would not have a loyal population they would not build much infrastructure, instead invest in an armed force to hold their population in check.
Religion would probably play a large role, since people need to identify themselves as something.
A lot of empires end up sticking around.
means the Great Osman, Great Bismarck, Great Habsburg, Great Russia, the Great Limey, and all the Great personalities shall be pleased
Except Bismark, no German unification.
Hmm... this could actually means no French Revolution, since it happened due to a french bourgeois proto- nationalism, which would mean SURVIVING HRE!!!!
Not as a result of an nationalist uprising anyways. Liberalism would probably be weak, since it was in a symbiosis with nationalism at first. And without a strong nation there's nothing to liberate anyways.which means no Greece.
Except Bismark, no German unification.
Hmm... this could actually means no French Revolution, since it happened due to a french bourgeois proto- nationalism, which would mean SURVIVING HRE!!!!
And since States would not have a loyal population they would not build much infrastructure, instead invest in an armed force to hold their population in check.
Religion would probably play a large role, since people need to identify themselves as something.
Hmm... this could actually means no French Revolution, since it happened due to a french bourgeois proto- nationalism, which would mean SURVIVING HRE!!!!
Rome didn't really have nationalism, although they did have the Romanitas cultural package, and they built infrastructure.
One can be just as loyal to a dynasty or a geographic region as one can be to an ethnicity, so building a medieval police state rather than roads isn't necessary.
"Inheritors of Rome" could and was also at times considered a "quasi nationalist" thing for a lot of regions which retained roman-inspired law (even those which adopted customary law systems). Plus you also have "tribal" identities, religious, dynastic, geographic, etc. The only problem with dynastic and religious is that "tribal" and "successor of $empire" would go away with any enlightenment.
I'm talking about the Roman Empire itself.
Why would the Enlightenment get rid of tribal and "successor of empire" identities?
Nationalism is considered something that came with the Enlightenment and it's basically tribalism writ very large.
The Enlightenment might impinge on religion, especially the more easily-disproven superstitious varieties thereof, but I don't see how it would destroy "tribal" and "successor" ideas.