A different Uganda Proposal - Israel in British Somaliland?

POD: Hussen Hirsi Dala Iljech' plot succeeds, and Muhammad `Abd Allāh al-Hasan ('The Mad Mullah') is killed in 1900. Without a unifying leader figure the scattered Somali clans continue their traditional infighting, and British Somaliland remains a peaceful backwater without major security conserns.

The total amount of Somali native population was estimated at 344,700 in 1937, and large parts of them lived as nomads in the interiour. In an area as large as Oklahoma that means that there is plenty of room for Jewish settlement.

While the average image of Somalia is one of arid desert, British Somaliland has plenty of arable river valleys and semi-arid mountains with relatively mild climate and forests: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogo_Mountains

The same types of commercial prospects (citrus cultivation) that were possible in Palestine during the first waves of Aliyah are thus also possible in the context of Somaliland. The region is also close enough of Middle East and areas with historical Judaic presence (Ethiopia, Yemen) so that the Territorialist idea of an "antechamber to the Holy Land" would be arguelably much easier to sell to political Zionist movement.

So, what if: Eager to promote the economic development of the 'Butcher shop of Aden', Joseph Chamberlain thus offers the British Somaliland to Theodore Herzl's Zionist group in 1903 instead of OTL Kenyan territory? What would happen next?
 
I hate to be a stick in the mud, but honestly: the World Zionist Congress isn't going to be buying. They rejected Patagonia, they rejected "Uganda"; they were really quite set on Palestine. It would take something radical to cause them to give up on it, especially after the Balfour Declaration.
 
New Jersey?

I hate to be a stick in the mud, but honestly: the World Zionist Congress isn't going to be buying. They rejected Patagonia, they rejected "Uganda"; they were really quite set on Palestine. It would take something radical to cause them to give up on it, especially after the Balfour Declaration.

The Zionists wanted one thing, but New York environs looks like a better candidate for a Jewish homeland from the perspective of the early 20th Century.
 
hmmm

Well I killed off Palestine in my TL (weird timing by the way as my next update tomorrow is on Uganda/Kenya and Jewish immigration;)) with a British socialist "revolution" in 1931 around the time of an Arab revolt - the Mandate goes down in blood and fire 31/32 without British protection so I'm thinking of a Uganda style position in the late 30's. The Palestine position is the most likely, and what the Zionist movement want but it requires both a Britain strong enough and politically committed to maintain it till at least the 40's. Before that the Arabs are strong enough to roll over the Jews, even with various Aliyahs till that point.

As to Somaliland? probably not as Uganda (it was actually in Kenya/Uganda border) there was a situation of moving land to white settlers from the natives (such as the Kikuyu for example) so the Uganda proposal made infinite sense from the British POV as it was theoretically a win-win for them in bring in new settlers at limited cost.
 
Palestine had a hard enough time attracting large numbers of Jews, until the 1930s, so British Somaliland would probably be even less successful. They large immigration into Palestine really only occurred once the preferred destinations had shut their doors. Until the United States established immigration quotas in 1924, it remained by far the number one choice for Jewish emigrants, with over 2 million Jews settling there between the pogroms in Russia of 1881 and 1914. New York City being the major destination with 1.4 million Jews living in city by 1914.

Until the depression, Palestine remained a secondary destination for Jews, with Argentina attracting larger numbers of Jews during the 1920s. The Jewish population of Palestine numbered 83,794 in 1922 (11% of the total). The real upswing began to occur during with Hitler's rise to power in Germany and the traditional receiving countries closing their doors. This led to the Jewish population in Palestine climbing from 174,606 (17% of the total) in 1931 to 474,102 in 1941 (30% of the total).

Jewish Immigration to Palestine
1881-1903 70,000 (1/2 left)
1919-1923 27,008 (4,000 left)
1922-1929 85,142 arrived (25,606 left)
1930-1941 271,997 immigrants

Jewish Immigration to the United States
1899-1924 1,838,000

Jewish Immigration 1899-1914
USA 1,486,641
Argentina 82,103
Canada 75,743
Palestine 32,951
Union of South Africa 20,069
Australia 8,477

However, Western Europe was an attractive option for Jewish immigrants before World War I as well.

British Isles Jewish Population
1880 65,000 Jews (46,000 London)
1914 300,000 Jews (180,000 London)

France
1881-1930 150,000 foreign Jews settled in France.

Germany (Foreign Born Jews)
1900 41,000
1910 76,387
1914 90,000

Would Jews settle in British Somaliland? Probably in the late 1930s since their options were limited. German Jews were especially anxious to leave the country and the British authorities had limited settlement in Palestine due to the tensions it would cause there. The United States, Canada, Argentina and most of the other countries at the Évian Conference only would accept limited numbers of Jews. There were still some 650,000 Jews in Germany prior to September 1939 (that includes Austria, Bohemia & Moravia, Sudetenland, and Memel). So if they could have been given even a temporary refuge in Somaliland, that would have been a good thing.
 
I always wondered, if the Jews had to accept another land in another country for settlement (aka not Palestine) would they actually call their nation "Israel" or pick something like "The Jewish State"?
 
This is a new one...I like it!

Even if it Hertzl doesn't accept, it would be interesting if Britain agreed to keep British Somaliland "open" to Jewish colonization. Perhaps this will make Somaliland the Territorialist's preferred solution. A few Jews settle in the region but not a whole lot...

Post WWI, the Balfour declaration is still made, but instead of focusing on British Guyana, plans to resettle Assyrian Christian refugees focus on British Somaliland. These plans succeed resulting in the resettlement of about 100k people over the course of the 1920's. A few Sephardic Jews might also be persuaded to settle in the region (though I imagine, most would likely move to France instead as per OTL).

Of course, the real change occurs in the 1930's with the rise of Hitler. As the 1930's progresses more and more Jews will begin to arrive but not many. The best bet probably, is to have British Somaliland be marketed as a safe "waiting room" for other paperwork to come in. Even then German Jews are going to hesitate to move there despite it's status as a Jewish haven which will undoubtedly be enshrined in the Evian conference. As a result you're probably not going to see large numbers of German Jews arrive until the situation is really desperate (post November 1938). I'd wager that maybe 100k German Jews at most make the trip, with the hopes of eventually emigrating elsewhere.

Once the war starts, prospects for Jewish immigration to Somaliland decrease significantly as it was difficult to leave German occupied Europe as a Jew (ironically). Perhaps the British could convince the French to send their German and Czech Jewish populations to the region instead of putting them in camps. The British might do the same in 1940.

All told though, I doubt if more than 300,000 Jews are living in British Somaliland by the time the Italians invade. Their presence might make things interesting though! I could definitely see the British arming them to make life difficult for the Italians.

Jewish immigration could resume in mid-1941 once the British retake the region. It most likely would be coming from Eastern Europe, Romania, Greece, Bulgaria, perhaps Hungary? All of them would be coming through Turkey (a deal would have to be struck by which arrivals would be sent directly to Somaliland...). Then again how many would actually opt to immigrate?

At the end of WWII you've probably taken around 500k off the total death toll for the Holocaust and you've got 1 million Jews living in British Somaliland.
 
The points made about the relatively marginal role of Palestine in the Jewish population movements of OTL are good and accurate - most likely the immigration to Somaliland Territory would come in late, and be driven from lack of alternatives more than anything else.

I've toyed with the idea of a situation where the Somaliland Territory is initially dismissed as "Nachtasyl" by Zionist movement that keeps on focusing on Palestine, while it is at the same time it is strongly promoted by the Territorialist movement. Depending on the fate of early settlements on both areas, their popularity and fame among the Jewish populations of Eastern Europe is critical.

And to further divide things, let's add a situation where a different leadership in post-revolutionary Russia ends up establishing their version of OTL Jewish Autonomous Oblast to the relatively sparcely populated eastern shores of the Caspian Sea instead of remote Far Eastern swampland .

Depending on what kind of turmoil and wars TTL Europe goes through, this may well create a situation where there are three territorial regions with their own distinct versions of Jewish culture - a religious-minded Palestine focused around the revived Hebrew language, secular JAO where Yiddish is the official language, and the colony of Somaliland Territory which would most likely ultimately draw in Jewish immigration from Europe, Ethiopia and Yemen.
 
Have the Arabs gain control of Jerusalem during WWI, beating Allenby of overall having a much better war. Butterflies lead to an Arabian Kingdom being established with protection for Christian holy sites and Jewish immigration is tolerated for the time being but with no Balfour Declaration or a revoked one, the Arabs make it clear Israel will not be happening in their lands.

Would this encourage Zionists to look to an alternative Israel?
 
The only problem I see with British Somaliland is that it was by far the least developed British territory in Africa, the only major exports were hides and skins along with camels, mostly going to Aden, Yemen and Saudi Arabia. The inhabitants were overwhelmingly pastoral and there were only around 250 British in the territory in 1950. The only other place that was this underdeveloped was probably the Barotsesland Protectorate in Northern Rhodesia.

A better option would be to take the Eastern portion of Northern Rhodesia, the northern third of Nyasaland and southern Tanganyika (modern regions of Mbeya, Iringa, Ruvuma, Lindi, Mtwara and southern Iringa and southern Rukwa) and make it a new British Territory in the 1930s. This would contain lots of fertile areas and some highlands with good climates, but with few people There were only around 2.9 million inhabitants in this area around 1945.

In 1938, the Czechoslovak government had petitioned Southern Rhodesia to admit Czechoslovak immigrants, and the following year many Jews from Germany, Austria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia all applied for residency in Northern and Southern Rhodesia. However, the British government would only admit 500 aliens per year.

In 1942, the British government did accept thousands of Polish refugees from the USSR through Iran and sent most of them to Tanganyika and Northern Rhodesia (many to the areas I proposed), with smaller numbers going to Kenya, South Africa and Southern Rhodesia. The USSR released a total of 389,041 Polish citizens between March and September of 1942 through Iran, so sending them down to East Africa would be a lot more expedient than all the way to the Americas or Great Britain.

There had been proposals to make Tanganyika a Jewish homeland along with parts of Northern Rhodesia. The only issue with Tanganyika was how densely populated the northern portion of the country was already (at least by African standards). Therefore the regions in the South make the most sense.

The central portion of Northern Rhodesia can join with Southern Rhodesia since it was the most "European" area of the country and both Northern and Southern Rhodesian whites wanted this. Barotseland can formally become a British protectorate like the high-commission territories, being that it was already governed separately from the rest of Northern Rhodesia and would be until independence.

In June 1939, 309,000 Jews from the now enlarged German Reich applied to emigrate. Very few found countries willing to take them however, with the largest number, 18,000 being able to settle in Japanese-occupied Shanghai. Even as late as November 1939 Britain rejected please to alter the Jewish immigration quota to Palestine.

I can envision this British Central African territory being not only a home for Jewish refugees, but also Poles, Lithuanians, Estonians, Hungarians, etc. Britain had a huge number of displaced persons by 1946, perhaps many of these would be sent to Africa, even if temporarily. By the end of the war the refugee population in British Central Africa could like this:

1945 Refugee Population
600,000 Jews
250,000 Poles
150,000 Czechoslovaks
70,000 Lithuanians
30,000 Ukrainians from Poland
25,000 Belorussians from Poland
20,000 Latvians and Estonians
15,000 Italian POWs from East Africa

I assume many would leave after the war, as Australia, the United States, Canada, Argentina, Venzuela, and Brazil were fairly open to European refugees during the postwar period. However, some would probably be able to establish successful commercial farms and businesses and decide to stay. I can see many being in engaged with trading of goods of neighbouring colonies and territories.

Coffee (around Mbeya), cotton, tobacco and sugarcane could all be produced in this region, so many people who came with capital could establish commercial farms. Lindi and Mtwara would become major ports and a railway could be built to Songea, allowing for a development corridor.

After the war you have a large number of refugees coming from Poland, the Baltic States, the USSR etc to Britain. So another 300,000 would arrive. Perhaps Hungarian refugees are taken in after the failed uprising of 1956.

However, by the early 1960s the question would be what happens to this territory, no doubt the 4-million African population would want independence. If there are 1-2 million non-Africans you have a situation akin to South Africa, which would undoubtedly lead to more conflict in the region. By that time, the refugees living in this area have no doubt become attached to what they see as their land, and conflict may arise with the British government. Perhaps a UDI happens here rather than in Rhodesia.

Rhodesia may get the dominion status its white population just after the war, except now it includes almost all of Northern Rhodesia's white population and just 1/3 of its Africans. The only thing stopping their receiving dominion status in the early 1950s was taking on large mostly African areas in the Federation. It also controls the vast copper deposits of the copper belt putting it in a stronger position economically as copper prices remained high until 1975. Its government may start to interfere in the internal politics of Katanga and promote separatism there by 1959.

British Central Africa may attempt some sort of UDI if its population doesn't agree to one man one vote. If a large enough Jewish population remains there (100,000 or more), Israel would most likely support this state as it did South Africa. If Tanzania becomes independent under the leadership of Julius Nyere, he's most likely still going to support liberation movements for Southern Africa. However, his main target is going to be this minority-ruled country to his south rather than Portuguese Mozambique. Giving bases for a liberation movement to start a guerrilla war with, however such a country could retaliate much more forcefully than the Portuguese ever did, especially if its run by people from states now under Communist control.

Katanga may be able to last as a breakaway state, perhaps with the assistance of Rhodesia and British Central Africa. The Belgians may even hold a referendum there excluding the large migrant Kasaian population and keep it a separate territory, eventually granting independence around 1963-1966 to a pro-Western leader. This would give Rhodesia a large buffer zone.

Barotseland and Malawi become independent in the mid to late 1960s. However, Barotseland becomes much like Lesotho, a poor traditionalist state surrounded by white-ruled areas and dependent on their aid. Malawi too becomes like this and Hastings Banda would most likely still be pro-Western as his economy would be dependent on the remittances of migrant workers from neighbouring states.

The Portuguese territories would gain new buffers. Without Tanzania and Zambia, FRELIMO has no bases to operate from. Therefore, the guerrilla war does not begin in Northern Mozambique in 1964 or Tete in 1969. Without Zambia, the MPLA in Angola has no bases from which to operate from and the war there is effectively over by 1965-1966. This undoubtedly gives the Portuguese army less war fatigue and more time to focus on Portuguese Guinea, possibly butterflying away the 1974 revolution.

In the end you have the ability to save far more people early on, but a messier situation as far as majority rule come Southern Africa as a whole. Especially because South Africa, Rhodesia and the Portuguese territories are now all covered by a "cordon sanitaire".
 

raharris1973

Gone Fishin'
Territorialist idea of an "antechamber to the Holy Land" --

I think you need to handwave changes in the Zionist movement to allow anything besides Palestine to attract any number of settlers.

But, one effect of a territorialist solution "closer" to the Middle East, would be to put local populations and empires more on-guard against attempts to settle in Palestine.

This would be most dramatic in the case of the Sinai-Al-Arish plan, but would apply to Somaliland as well, and maybe even to the Uganda plan, to a lesser extent.


_ would think that given something approximating OTL Zionist opinion, the only plan they would endorse would be the Sinai one. Britain could only ram it through ignoring Egyptian and Ottoman complaints. Meanwhile the Ottomans would oppose Zionist settlement enterprise in Palestine itself. The only way the "antechamber" could lead to Palestine itself would be through explicitly British supported conquest, not through immigration or infiltration of residents.
 
Territorialist idea of an "antechamber to the Holy Land" --

I personally doubt that the Territorialists were really sincere of this part of their plan. They first and foremost wanted a land to call their own - but selling it to their main political rivals within the international Jewish communities required such twists.

I think you need to handwave changes in the Zionist movement to allow anything besides Palestine to attract any number of settlers.

Attracting people is indeed the key, and as others have pointed out one requires two things for such immigration to occur:
1.) Circumstances that are bad enough to more or less force significant parts of the East European Jewish population to migrate, while also allowing them to freely do so.
2.) Lack of other places to go, so that the Somaliland Territory becomes the least bad option.

The first one could be achieved by major geopolitical changes in an early enough POD - with Ottomans still in control of Palestine and blocking futher immigration there and US limiting immigration quotas, the Somaliland Territory will receive a steady initial trickle of immigrants more or less by default.

_ would think that given something approximating OTL Zionist opinion, the only plan they would endorse would be the Sinai one. Britain could only ram it through ignoring Egyptian and Ottoman complaints. Meanwhile the Ottomans would oppose Zionist settlement enterprise in Palestine itself. The only way the "antechamber" could lead to Palestine itself would be through explicitly British supported conquest, not through immigration or infiltration of residents.

The Zionists are most likely right in their position - but to Territorialists this is ultimately a matter of secondary importance in a scenario where the Somaliland Plan goes ahead, since they would have achieved their main goal of establishing a place that will always be available for Jewish immigrants. Whether or not the project will remain a fluke or actually succeed in the long run is another matter entirely, but it would certainly create major butterflies to the political relations between Zionism and Territorialism.
 
Ah, another "Jews get offered a dump hole in the slums and should be grateful for it" thread, it seems.

Per the OP, "what happens next?"

Herzl says no. A few Jews emigrate to Somaliland and become just another Jewish minority in a foreign land. Most Jews were demonstrably happy -- or at least willing -- to reside in other countries; without a prospect of gaining the ancestral home, the prospect of attaining a Jewish State just isn't enticing enough to generate much interest.

If you want this to work, the British and Americans and French and almost everyone else have to despise Jews almost as much as the Nazis did. The Jews must be in fear of imminent hardship and barred from immigrating almost everywhere, and must be free not merely to move, but to take their wealth with them.

Highly implausible, I should think.
 
Ah, another "Jews get offered a dump hole in the slums and should be grateful for it" thread, it seems.
"Holy antisemitic strawman, Batman!"

Per the OP, "what happens next?"
Herzl says no. A few Jews emigrate to Somaliland and become just another Jewish minority in a foreign land. Most Jews were demonstrably happy -- or at least willing -- to reside in other countries; without a prospect of gaining the ancestral home, the prospect of attaining a Jewish State just isn't enticing enough to generate much interest.

Sounds reasonable.

If you want this to work, the British and Americans and French and almost everyone else have to despise Jews almost as much as the Nazis did. The Jews must be in fear of imminent hardship and barred from immigrating almost everywhere, and must be free not merely to move, but to take their wealth with them.

Highly implausible, I should think.

OTL founding of Israel is a story with plenty of ASB elements as well.
 
"Holy antisemitic strawman, Batman!"



Sounds reasonable.



OTL founding of Israel is a story with plenty of ASB elements as well.

1) I don't think that those who start these threads are in any way antisemitic. I do think there is a big blind-sided hole in the logic, though, which to me suggests an unconsciously demeaning approach. A substantial strain of Jewish thought for centuries has been about returning to the ancestral home, but it doesn't look like this is taken at all seriously; it seems to be ignored as inconvenient and insignificant. Why are the aspirations of other groups, such as the Palestinians, the Serbs, the Poles after WW1, and others, recognized and accommodated to some extent, but not those of the Jews?

I also think we see a serious grasping-at-straws approach: any measure, no matter how poor an option it would be for the Jews, seems worth pursuing as long as it gives a way out from the troubles in Palestine. But I am utterly convinced that these proposals are well meant.

2) True, the founding of Israel is little more incredible than any of these threads; but it had one crucial ingredient that these proposals lack: the backing of a powerful centuries-old tradition of many Jews (certainly not all) seeking to return to Palestine. Any other proposal lacks even this strength.
 
Wonder what the Yemani Jews would think of their new neighbours

Probably not much. OTL, Yemenis were the primary non-European Jews to participate in early Zionism, and generally had a very strong religious connection to the Holy Land (in contrast with the European Zionists, who were largely secular and tended to emphasize the "historic homeland" aspect (using Roman records, not the Bible as their justification) rather than the "Promised Land" aspect).
 
1) I do think there is a big blind-sided hole in the logic, though, which to me suggests an unconsciously demeaning approach. A substantial strain of Jewish thought for centuries has been about returning to the ancestral home, but it doesn't look like this is taken at all seriously; it seems to be ignored as inconvenient and insignificant. Why are the aspirations of other groups, such as the Palestinians, the Serbs, the Poles after WW1, and others, recognized and accommodated to some extent, but not those of the Jews?

I can openly admit that I view the current situation in the Israel-Palestinian conflict as a sad and tragic outcome for everyone involved. Seeking alternatives to deadlocked territorial disputes is something I like to explore and ponder for family reasons. And I'm opposed on practically all territorial claims based on history, since they never bring any good to anyone and only lead to spiralling cycles of violence.

The continous existence of Jewish population in Palestine is a remarkable tale of cultural continuity. But the presense of a single group in a territory where they once were a majority at a given point in history is definitively not a valid reason to claim it on the grounds that "we were here first." Using history for political purposes like that is always dangerous and bloody business, no matter which ethnic or religious group does that.

I'm myself descended from refugees whose old homeland was forcibly colonized by a Soviet population transfer after WW2, and I think that I have no real right to say to people who have lived in the former lands of my ancestors for three generations by now that they should leave their homes. Same goes for rest of the world - Serbs had no right to treat Kosovo Albanians like "overbreeding defilers of Old Serbia and Kosovo-Metohija", Poles had no right to expell Ukrainians in late 1940s and so forth. Why should there be exceptions to this rule?*

*Note that I still think that after OTL horrors of WW2 the Jewish population simply had to find a place of their own somewere from the world - but I still think that Palestine was not the optimal spot for that.

I also think we see a serious grasping-at-straws approach: any measure, no matter how poor an option it would be for the Jews, seems worth pursuing as long as it gives a way out from the troubles in Palestine. But I am utterly convinced that these proposals are well meant.

Sinai would have definitively been a poor option, but personally I consider the Somaliland scenario as an option that avoids the usual "Let's just settle them to Alaska"-styled solutions that are obviously suboptimal to the interests of the Jewish community. In fact I've chosen it after carefully considering all the potential options, seeking a spot that would be close enough to have cultural history and connections to the Holy Land while still being less politically controversial area for settlement.

2) True, the founding of Israel is little more incredible than any of these threads; but it had one crucial ingredient that these proposals lack: the backing of a powerful centuries-old tradition of many Jews (certainly not all) seeking to return to Palestine. Any other proposal lacks even this strength.

I personally find it really hard to believe that British Somaliland would turn into a "Israel in Africa" with Jewish majority. But it would still have some kind of impact, and hence this thread.
 
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