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#22
December 19th, 2006, 11:36 AM
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Henry's Empire
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#24
December 19th, 2006, 02:39 PM
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Wonderful timeline Leonardocruzbr. I really like it. Is there any progress on that map? No pressure I just wanted to know. Please keep up the good TL
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I'm a little bit witty, a little bit charming; a little bit shitty, and a little bit alarming.
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#25
December 20th, 2006, 10:03 PM
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Henry IX
Emperor Henry IX, some times called the Merchant’s Emperor, greatly improved the finances of the empire, furthering trade along his holdings. In 1202, Henry IX granted charters to merchants from Frankfurt, Hamburg, London, Lübeck, Rouen and York to freely operate in England, Normandy and Saxony. And in 1212, he extended these rights to the merchants of all Imperial Cities. But, so as to be eligible for these charters, the merchants were forced to be organized into imperial-recognized guilds, paying special taxes for this status.
In 1207, he elevated Frankfurt, Lübeck and Nuremberg to the status of Imperial City, and in 1209 granted Rouen, London and York the title of Imperial Cities, although this was merely a technicality. In 1217, he elevated the city to Augsburg to rank of Imperial Cities. Through his reign, Emperor Henry IX proclaimed many laws standardizing the monetary and measurement units. He adopted both the English Penny (which was pronounced pfennig in germany) and the Saxon Thaler as the official currency of the empire, although they were only fully adopted in the lands which he personally ruled. He also adopted the Roman Mile (equal to 5000 feet) and the Anglo-Saxon inch as the official units of length. Nonetheless, Henry IX is more commonly remembered for his many marriages and his search for a male heir. In 1190, Emperor Henry IX had married Judith of Swabia (1173-1198), the youngest daughter of Frederick III Barbarosa (1122-11981), Duke of Swabia, and Clementia of Zähringen, daughter of Conrad, Duke of Zähringen. Empress Judith gave him three daughters, Judith of Winchester (1191-1200), Marguerite of Nuremberg (1194-1234) and Gertrude of Rouen (1195-1210). Two years after Empress Judith’s death, Henry IX remarried to Matilda of Bavaria (1185-1203), sister of Henry XIII (1183-1205) Duke of Bavaria (1195-1205), Conrad II (1184-1213), Margrave of Tuscany (1195-1213), and Frederick I of Burgundy (1190-1211), Count of Burgundy (1195-1211). Empress Matilda died in 1203, while giving birth to a stillborn son. The Emperor married a third time the following year to Irene Angelina (1178-1208), daughter of Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelus, who gave birth to three sons, Henry Isaac (1204-1247), William of Winchester (1205-1225), and a daughter, Irene of Nuremberg (1207-1222). Empress Irene died in 1208, and Henry IX remarried for a fourth and last time to Leonor of Leon (1197-1241) in 1210, who birth to two sons, Conrad of Nuremberg (1212-1218) and Frederick of London (1215-1235), and a daughter, Leonor of Winchester (1216-1258). Emperor Henry IX died in 1218, been succeeded by Henry Isaac, who was in 1219 crowned King of England as Henry VI, and as Holy Roman Emperor Henry X in 1220. 1 Without the disastrous Battle of Hattin, and so no Third Crusade proclaimed in 1187, Frederick Barbarrosa did not take the cross and therefore he die while crossing the Göksu River at Anatolia. Barbarrosa instead lived for 8 more years, dieing of old age.
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#26
December 20th, 2006, 10:30 PM
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nice, 2 things would help: 1) a map with up to date showings. 2) a family tree of the family or even just a list of the emperors but very good
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#27
December 20th, 2006, 11:59 PM
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No, it's just your imagination.  I can't see what king of consequences it could have...  Quote:
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#28
December 21st, 2006, 12:01 AM
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The Salian Dynasty
Following bellow is a list of all the Salian Emperors, from 1027 to 1247:
Conrad II (990-1039), Holy Roman Emperor (1027-1039) Issues: Henry III (1017-1056) Henry III (1017-1056), Holy Roman Emperor (1046-1056), King of Burgundy (1038-1056), King of Italy (1039-1056), Duke of Bavaria (1026-1041), Duke of Swabia (1038-1045), Duke of Carinthia (1039-1047), Margrave of Maissen (1046) Issues: by Gunnhilde: Beatrice (1037-1061), abbess of Quedlinburg and Gandersheim by Agnes: Adelaide (1045-1096), abbess of Gandersheim and Quedlinburg Gisela (1047-1053) Matilda (1048-1060) Henry IV (1050-1106) Conrad II of Bavaria (1052-1055), Duke of Bavaria (1054-1055) Judith (1054-1092/1096) Henry IV (1050-1106), Holy Roman Emperor (1084-1106), Duke of Bavaria (1054-1054, 1055-1061, 1077-1096) Issues: Agnes of Germany (1072-1143) Conrad of Italy (1074-1101), Duke of Lower Lorraine (1076-1087) Adelaide (died in infancy) Henry (died in infancy) Henry V (1081-1125) Henry V (1081-1125), Holy Roman Emperor (1111-1025) Issues: Henry VI (1115-1160) Henry VI (1115-1160), Holy Roman Emperor (1130-1160), King of England (1135-1160), Duke of Normandy (1135-1160), Duke of Saxony (1137-1160) Issues: Matilda of Rouen (1131-1174) Henry VII (1136-1182) Lothair of Northeim (1138-1162) Richeza of Süpplingenburg (1140-1160) Gertrude of Nuremberg (1142-1197), Queen Consort of France (1160-1180) Henry VII (1136-1182), Holy Roman Emperor (1162-1182), King of England (1160-1182), Duke of Normandy (1160-1182), Duke of Saxony (1160-1182) Issues: Henry VIII (1153-1194) Judith of Saxony (1155-1207) Henry VIII (1153-1194), Holy Roman Emperor (1187-1194), King of England (1182-1194), Duke of Saxony (1182-1194), Duke of Normandy (1182-1194) Issues: Henry IX (1172-1218) Henry IX (1172-1218), Holy Roman Emperor (1197-1218), King of England (1195-1218), Duke of Normandy (1194-1218), Duke of Saxony (1194-1218) Issues: by Judith of Swabia (1173-1198): Judith of Winchester (1191-1200) Marguerite of Nuremberg (1194-1234) Gertrude of Rouen (1195-1210) by Matilda of Bavaria (1185-1203): Henry (1203) by Irene Angelina (1178-1208): Henry X Isaac (1204-1247) William of Winchester (1205-1225) Irene of Nuremberg (1207-1222) by Leonor (1197-1241): Conrad (1212-1218) Frederick (1215-1235) Leonor (1216-1258) Henry X (1204-1247), Holy Roman Emperor (1220-1247) , King of England (1219-1247), Duke of Normandy (1219-1247), Duke of Saxony (1218-1247) Issues: Henry XI (1222-1261) Mathilda (1225-1251) Gerdrude (1226-1264) Lothair (1232-1248) William (1246-1315)
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#29
December 21st, 2006, 12:20 AM
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#30
December 21st, 2006, 09:20 PM
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A Map, finally!
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So, without any more delays, the political arrangements of the Holy Roman Empire, from 1137-1147! Legend: Blue: allied of the Salian Dynasty Purple: holdings of the Salian Dynasty Pink: Kingdom of Sicily By the way, anyone knows where exactly is located the County Palatine of Rhine?
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#31
December 24th, 2006, 06:04 PM
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The Byzantine Empire
In 1195, Byzantine Isaac II Angelos (1156-1204) was deposed by his brother, Alexios III Angelos (1153-1211). Isaac’s son, Alexios Angelos (1182-1249), managed to escape from his imprisonment in 1201 with the help of two Pisan merchants. Alexios spent the following years going from court to court, unsuccessfully attempting to raise an army to restore his father to the Byzantine throne.
Isaac’s son, Alexios Angelos (1182-1249), managed to escape from his imprisonment in 1201 with the help of two Pisan merchants. Alexios spent the following years going from court to court, unsuccessfully attempting to raise an army to restore his father to the Byzantine throne. In 1204, after the marriage of Emperor Henry IX to his sister Irene Angelina, Alexios Angelos moved to the german imperial court, where he dedicated himself to convince his powerful brother-in-law to help restore Isaac II Angelos to the Byzantine throne. It was in the end of 1204 that word arrived of the death of Isaac II Angelos, and Alexios was even more determinate to reclaim the Byzantine throne from his usurper uncle. But this time Alexios had a trump - his newly born nephew, Henry Isaac. In 1205, at the baptism of Henry Isaac, Alexios public decried his uncle, Alexios III Angelos, as a usurper, a kinslayer, a friend of the Infidels and an enemy of all Christian. Alexios then declared himself the true Byzantine Emperor … and proclaimed Henry Isaac as his Heir Presumptive. This declaration caused endless debates on the german courts. Henry IX had no choice but to declare war against Alexios III, leaving his once more pregnant empress and setting course to Constantinople under the command of a large army. The germans arrived in July 1206. Instead of organizing an resistance, Alexios III limited himself to an attempt to bribe Henry IX, although his son-in-law Theodore Laskaris unsuccessfully engaged the germans at Scutari. The germans attacked the northeastern corner of the city, setting a destructive fire which caused the citizens of Constantinople to turn against Alexios III, who fled. Alexios Angelos was then crowned as Byzantine Emperor Alexios IV Angelos. With his mission accomplished, the army departed back to germany. Not trusting the greek, Henry IX, who had been declared Caesar, left a contingent of german knights to serve both as Alexios IV’s imperial guard, and also to guard the city of Iconium, which Henry IX claimed as his under right of conquest1, declaring himself Lord of Iconium. This decision proved vital, as, in 1212, Alexios IV’s german bodyguards averted an assassination attempt made by Alexios Doukas, lover of Eudokia Angelina, daughter of the former-emperor Alexios III Angelos. Although Alexios IV was not a ruler as good as those, he was far better then the previous emperors from the Angeli Dynasty. While he built palaces and spent large amounts in luxury, money which would have been far better employed elsewhere, he did not indulge as much as the previous emperors, and made great improvements in both financial and foreign imperial policies2. During his reign, the Byzantine empire no longer attempted to resolve every foreign conflict by pure diplomatic means, employing the imperial army when needed. In 1210, Alexios IV Angelos married the Damsel of Cypros, daughter of Isaac Komnenos, the self-proclaimed Emperor of Cyprus, who bore him three daughters and three sons, among them Isaac Angelos (1222-1290) and Constantine XI Angelos (1222-1290). When Isaac Komnenos died in 1211, Alexios IV declared himself his heir by marriage, and annexed Cypros back into the Byzantine Empire. When, in 1243, the Sultanate of Rûm entered a losing war against the Mongols, Alexios IV launched an invasion to the southwestern region of the Sultanate, conquering it in 1244. He strengthened the region’s defenses and, by the time of his death, left a secure and military strong empire. Emperor Alexios IV Angelos died in 1248, and was succeeded by his third son, Constantine XI Angelos (1222-1290). Constantine XI married in 1240 Helena Angelina Doukaina, who bore him four sons and two daughters. In 1277, Constantine XI invaded the Sultanate of Rûm, who had become vassals of the Mongols since 1256. The Byzantine army, under the command of Constantine’s german advisors, were successful in conquering the Sultanate, which was fortified, forming a strong line of defense against any possible eastern invasion. Carefree, self-absorbed and fatalist, Constantine XI left more and more of his rule under the command of his german advisors, who became more and more powerful as each year passed. 1 Iconium, the capital of the Sultanate of Rüm, had felt in May of 1199 to the german crusader army of Holy Roman Emperor Henry IX, during the Third Crusade. 2 It’s suspected that such restraints and changes of policies were the result of the influence his german bodyguards, who also doubled as advisors.
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#32
December 24th, 2006, 06:20 PM
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again nice update though
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#33
December 24th, 2006, 06:45 PM
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The real reason that Henry IX helped Alexios IV become Byzantine Emperor was that, simplely put, he was traped. If he had denied to help Alexios, he would have been seen as a weak, undecided ruler, not worth of been Emperor. I don't think I made it explicit enough in the "Third Crusade" Article, but Henry IX was not a military men, all the battles he waged were won only because of his lietanents. If he had refused, he might have to fight such a rebellion, that he might have even lost the HRE! Quote:
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#34
December 24th, 2006, 06:50 PM
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#35
December 24th, 2006, 06:53 PM
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#36
December 26th, 2006, 11:49 AM
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The Byzantine Empire (Revised and Clarified)
In 1195, Byzantine Isaac II Angelos (1156-1204) was deposed by his brother, Alexios III Angelos (1153-1211). Isaac’s son, Alexios Angelos (1182-1249), managed to escape from his imprisonment in 1201 with the help of two Pisan merchants. Alexios spent the following years going from court to court, unsuccessfully attempting to raise an army to restore his father to the Byzantine throne.
Isaac’s son, Alexios Angelos (1182-1249), managed to escape from his imprisonment in 1201 with the help of two Pisan merchants. Alexios spent the following years going from court to court, unsuccessfully attempting to raise an army to restore his father to the Byzantine throne. In 1204, after the marriage of Emperor Henry IX to his sister Irene Angelina, Alexios Angelos moved to the german imperial court, where he dedicated himself to convince his powerful brother-in-law to help restore Isaac II Angelos to the Byzantine throne. It was in the end of 1204 that word arrived of the death of Isaac II Angelos, and Alexios was even more determinate to reclaim the Byzantine throne from his usurper uncle. But this time Alexios had a trump - his newly born nephew, Henry Isaac. In 1205, at the baptism of Henry Isaac, Alexios public decried his uncle, Alexios III Angelos, as a usurper, a kinslayer, a friend of the Infidels and an enemy of all Christian. Alexios then declared himself the true Byzantine Emperor … and proclaimed Henry Isaac as his Heir Presumptive. This declaration caused endless debates on the german courts. While Henry IX would have proffered to stay in the HRE, he had no choice but to declare war against Alexios III. Not a military man1, Henry IX would have preferred to stay in the HRE. Moreover, he knew that his son would likely never inherit the Byzantine throne, as his brother-in-law would marry and have sons as soon as he became emperor. But Henry IX could not refuse to help his brother-in-law, as to do otherwise would have instigated rumors of cowardice, destroying his reputation and deflagrated a possible rebellion which he could not win. So it was that Henry IX left his once more pregnant empress and set course to Constantinople with a large army2. The germans arrived in July 1206. Instead of organizing an resistance, Alexios III limited himself to an attempt to bribe Henry IX, although his son-in-law Theodore Laskaris unsuccessfully engaged the germans at Scutari. The germans attacked the northeastern corner of the city, setting a destructive fire which caused the citizens of Constantinople to turn against Alexios III, who fled. Alexios Angelos was then crowned as Byzantine Emperor Alexios IV Angelos. With his mission accomplished, the army departed back to germany. Not trusting the greek, Henry IX, who had been declared Caesar, left a contingent of german knights to serve both as Alexios IV’s imperial guard, and also to guard the city of Iconium, which Henry IX claimed as his under right of conquest3, declaring himself Lord of Iconium. This decision proved vital, as, in 1212, Alexios IV’s german bodyguards averted an assassination attempt made by Alexios Doukas, lover of Eudokia Angelina, daughter of the former-emperor Alexios III Angelos. Although Alexios IV was not a ruler as good as those, he was far better then the previous emperors from the Angeli Dynasty. While he built palaces and spent large amounts in luxury, money which would have been far better employed elsewhere, he did not indulge as much as the previous emperors, and made great improvements in both financial and foreign imperial policies4. During his reign, the Byzantine empire no longer attempted to resolve every foreign conflict by pure diplomatic means, employing the imperial army when needed. In 1210, Alexios IV Angelos married the Damsel of Cypros, daughter of Isaac Komnenos, the self-proclaimed Emperor of Cyprus, who bore him three daughters and three sons, among them Isaac Angelos (1222-1290) and Constantine XI Angelos (1222-1290). When Isaac Komnenos died in 1211, Alexios IV declared himself his heir by marriage, and annexed Cypros back into the Byzantine Empire. When, in 1243, the Sultanate of Rûm entered a losing war against the Mongols, Alexios IV launched an invasion to the southwestern region of the Sultanate, conquering it in 1244. He strengthened the region’s defenses and, by the time of his death, left a secure and military strong empire. Emperor Alexios IV Angelos died in 1248 and was succeeded by his third son, Constantine XI Angelos (1222-1290), who had in 1240 married Helena Angelina Doukaina, who bore him four sons and two daughters. In 1277, Constantine XI invaded the Sultanate of Rûm, who had become vassals of the Mongols since 1256. The Byzantine army, under the command of Constantine’s german advisors, were successful in conquering the Sultanate, which was fortified, forming a strong line of defense against any possible eastern invasion. Carefree, self-absorbed and fatalist, Constantine XI left more and more of his rule under the command of his german advisors, who became more and more powerful as each year passed. 1 Henry IX was never comfortable in the battlefield, proffering more academic and political matters. A untalented strategist, he depended on his lieutenants for victory in any battle he was forced to engage. Indeed, it was a open secret that the only reason that Henry IX had joined the Third Crusade was in the hope that, doing so, God would have been pleased and grant him a healthy son to inherit his empire. 2 While officially under the command of Emperor Henry IX, the german army was actually commanded by the recently crowned Conrad I of Sicily (1184-1213), also duke Conrad III of Bavaria. 3 Iconium, the capital of the Sultanate of Rüm, had felt in May of 1199 to the german crusader army of Holy Roman Emperor Henry IX, during the Third Crusade. 4 It’s suspected that such restraints and changes of policies were the result of the influence his german bodyguards, who also doubled as advisors.
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#37
December 26th, 2006, 01:59 PM
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in the next installment are we going to hear a bit about England and Frace? I mean its getting to the stage where in OTL Magna Carter is signed, first Parliament and conquest of Wales etc etc don't know how its affected here
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#38
December 26th, 2006, 04:28 PM
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But I can assure you there will be no Baron Revolt in England (the TTL Earls are far weaker and far more uncommon than in OTL), and therefore no Magna Caster in TTL. Parliament is possible, but likely later. Ironicaly, if they adopt it this time, it's be by copying the french!
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#39
December 26th, 2006, 11:33 PM
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The Kings of France
In 1161, King Louis VII married Gertrude of Nuremberg (1142-1197), sister of Emperor Henry, who bore him two sons, Philip (1162-1207) and Louis (1167-1188), and a daughter, Agnes de France (1165-1211).
With a failing health, Louis VII had his oldest son, Philip, crowned at Reims in 1179, ensuring his succession after his death in September 18, 1180. Louis VII was unable to be present at either his son’s coronation, or at his marriage to Constance of Brittany (1161-1201), on May 1180. This marriage, instigated by Emperor Henry VII, cause a intriguing situation, as, through his marriage, Phillip II became not only Duke of Brittany, but also Earl of Richmond, and so both the Kings of England and of France became simultaneously each other vassal and suzerain. Aided by the Confrères de la Paix, a order of warriors dedicated to maintaining peace and order in France, Phillip II was able to keep the order and contain the powers of his vassals, and even restore the royal power which had been lost during the reign of his father. Phillip II promoted the prosperity of France, bringing financial stability to the realm. A Visionary, he established the States-General, a legislative assembly composed of members of the different estates of France. Although the States-General had limited power, they, with help of the centralized bureaucracy formed by Phillip II, greatly served to counter the power of the nobles and to increase the King’s authority. But Phillip II’s personal life was marked by tragedies, as of the four sons and four daughters bore by Queen Constance, only the last two children, Constance of France (1194-1232) and Phillip (1198-1246) lived to reach their majority, and even so Phillip II died without been sure of the continuity of his line as, when his only surviving son was crowned Phillip III in 1208, he was then still only 14-years-old. Phillip III seized the throne in 1216, and shortly afterward married Constanza of Leon (1202-1236), daughter of Alfonso IX of Leon. Queen Constanza gave him three sons and six daughters, of which only Louis of France (1218-1251), Isabelle of France (1220-1276), Blanche of France (1222-1262), Marie of France (1224-1266) and Phillip of France (1230-1279) survived to came of age. A lover of knowledge, Phillip III stimulated the intellectual and artistic activities of the realm, greatly financing the University of Paris. His patronage of arts brought innovations to the gothic art and architecture. In 1223, Phillip III was pressured by Pope Gregory IX to recognize Henry I of Aquitaine as Duke of Narbonne and Count of Toulouse. This was made not only to reward the actions of Henry I and his father, Theobald III, but also to weaken Phillip III, who was a devoted ally of Emperor Henry X. In 1225, Phillip III elevated the Bishop of Laon, the Count of Flanders and the Count of Anjou to the ranks of Peers of the Realm. In 1226, Phillip III gained a great opportunity to increase his land with the wealthy county of Champagne. The House of Champagne had had troubled times, in terms of successions, since the death of Henry I of Champagne in 1181. Henry I had been succeeded first by his second son Henry II (1168-1188), and then by his third son, Theobald III (1172-1197). Theobald III had died in 1197, leaving only a 1-years-old son, Henry III (1198-1226), who in turn died leaving only daughters. Phillip III seized Henry III’s four daughters and engaged the oldest, Eleanor of Champagne (1215-1249), to his heir (and then also his only son), Louis (1218-1251), and led the other three to join the Church. This move was heavily contested by King Henry I of Navarre (1196-1247), who claimed that Henry III of Champagne had promised Eleanor to his oldest son, Henry of Navarre (1222-1286). Because of Henry I’s claims of the engagement of his son to Eleanor, Pope Gregory IX briefly declared the marriage invalid, until Phillip III paid a heavy bribe to the Pope. Henry I of Navarre also declared war against France, but was forced to back down when the fearsome Emperor Henry X declared his support for Phillip III. In 1246, Phillip III died and was succeed by his oldest son, Louis VIII (1218-1251), called Louis the Greedy. Louis VIII was noted for his persecution of the jews, not out of religious devotion, but as a mean to increase his coffers. In three occasions he seized their properties, and four times he forced them to pay heavy fines to ensure the permanency of their activities in France. Louis VIII also signed a commercial treaty with Henry X, extending the free trade rights issued by Henry IX to the merchants of Brie, Champagne, Nantes, Paris, Reims, Saint-Malo and Troyes, as well as granting permission for the german, norman and english merchants to freely trade in the royal holdings of France. For such, the anglo-german merchants involved would have to pay an annual tax to the Kings of France, while the French merchants would have to pay a similar one to the Holy Roman Emperors. Louis VIII was succeeded by Philip IV (1231-1292). Philip IV married in 1250 Adeides of Namur (1231-1286), who gave him three daughters and four sons, of which only two daughters, Isabelle of France (1250-1301) and Eleanor of France (1251-1282), and three sons, Philip of France (1255-1328), Louis of France (1262-1302) and Charles of France (1265-1291), lived to came of age. In 1270, on the death of Count Fulk VI of Anjou (1245-1270), his only daughter Sibylle of Anjou (1266-1322) became the sole heiress of Anjou, Bolougne, Maine and Mortain, and was wedded to Philip of France in 1280. In 1292, Philip of France, Count of Anjou, Bolougne, Maine and Mortain succeeded his father as King Philip V of France, Duke of Brittany, Earl of Richemound and Count of Champagne. Known for his debauchery and many scandals during his youth, Philip V changed overnight after the birth of his first son, Louis of France (1280-1322), becoming an extremely religious and devoted men. Phillip V heavily donated to the church, building great cathedrals across his domains, and his reign was marked by many theological debates.
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#40
December 29th, 2006, 12:57 PM
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Scotland
In 1153, Malcolm IV (1141-1165) became King of Scotland and also Earl of Northumbria. He initially reigned under the regency of . Malcolm IV had to face the challenges of Somerled (?-1164), King of Argyll, Fergus of Galloway (1110?-1161), King of Galloway, Harald Maddadsson (1134-1206), Earl of Orkney. Malcolm IV was also contested as King by the partisans of William (?-1160), the son of William MacDuncan (?-1147), Mormaer of Moray (1130’s-1147). While still a child (William MacDuncan had married Alice de Rumilly in 1137), “William the Noble” had many supporters. His (supposedly) claim ended with his death in 1160, and his sizable estates were divided among his sisters: Cecilia de Rumilly (?-1190), Lady of Skipton; Amabel de Rumilly (1150-1200?), Lady of Copeland; and Alice de Rumilly (?-1212/1215), Lady of Allerdale.
Malcolm IV bestowed the english Earldom of Northumbria to his brother William, while he kept Cumbria for himself. In 1153, Malcolm IV also inherited the Earldom of Huntigdon. In 1157, Emperor Henry VI, as King of England, recognized Malcolm IV and William as Earls of Northumbria and of Cumbria and Huntigdon, for which they pay him homage at Carlisle. It was also during this ceremony that Henry VI knighted Malcolm IV. Malcolm IV died prematurely in 1165. Unwed, he was succeeded by his brother, William I of Scotland (1141-1214), King of Scotland (1165-1214, Earl of Northumbria (1152-1214), Earl of Cumbria (1165-1214) and Earl of Huntigdon (1165). He ceded Huntigdon to his younger brother, David (1144-1219), in the same year he was crowned. William I in 1180 married Alice de Rumilly, the Lady of Allerdale, who gave him six daughters and two sons, Alexander II of Scotland (1200-1220) and William II of Scotland (1202-1249). William I arranged the marriage of his daughters to important english Earls, like Roger Bigod (1209-1270), 4th Earl of Norfolk, Gilbert Marshal (?-1241), 4th Earl of Pembroke, and William III of Surrey (1200-1247), Earl of Salisbury and Earl of Surrey. William I died in 1214, been succeeded by his oldest son, Alexander II. The year after the young Alexander II assumed the throne, clans Meic Uilleim and MacHeths broke into revolt, but they were defeated. Alexander II died young and unmarried, and was succeeded by his younger brother, William II of Scotland. In 1220, William II married Aufrick de Courcy (1202-1287), Princess of the Isle of Man and heiress of the earldom of Ulster. In 1231, one year after the death of John Miles de Courcy, William II’s father-in-law, Emperor Henry X recognized him as Earl of Ulster. In 1240, William II arranged the marriage of his oldest son and heir, William (1226-1275) to Margaret de Lacy (1228-1256), Countess of Meath, thus increasing their holdings in Ireland. With this move, much of the interests of the scottish crown turned west. William II was succeeded in 1249 by his oldest son, who was crowned as William IIII. A contradictory man, marked by both greed and religious devotion, his reign was deeply influenced by his brothers, Alexander (1235-1278), Bishop of Glasgow, and Lord High Constable Malcolm (1240-1282). In 1265 William III signed the Treaty of Peorth, under which King Magnus VI of Norway gave up the Hebrides and the Isle of Man to Scotland, in exchange for a large sum of silver and a yearly payment, although, also under the treaty, the Scots recognized Norwegian rule in the Orkney Islands. William III was succeeded in 1275 by his oldest son, William IV (1240-1310), who had, in 1265, married Mary of Germany (1251-1282), daughter of Emperor Henry XI (1222-1261). William IV and Mary of Germany had three daughters and a son, William (1272-1317). William IV was a lover of learning, and founded the University of St. Andrew, which would only be formally recognized in 1377, one century after it’s funding. William IV was also an excellent administrator and politician, who greatly improved the power and authority of the scottish crown.
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