1913
1913 -
1913 - Congress passes an amendment to the Prohibition laws allowing for the production of hard liquors for export only.
1913 - Rising star Gladys Smith marries Boston financier Joseph P. Kennedy.
1913 Ford releases the Cadillac Model 30GE (gasoline-electric), the company's first hybrid vehicle. Interestingly, it is considered primarily an electric vehicle with a gasoline engine to back up the electric motor, as evidenced by the small gas tank. The car is popular in urban areas and especially with delivery services.
January 1913 Congress in a tempestuous but short session chooses Henry Cabot Lodge as the President of the United States and Arthur MacArthur as Vice-President.
January 1913: Charles Seymour returns to New Haven, where he returns to both his studies and minor administrative laws. He also is elected into city council, and becomes embroiled in Connecticut politics.
January 5, 1913 - The Treaty of Venice is signed. Most of the Aegean Islands and coastal Macedonia west of Salonika go to Greece; territories east of the Chalcidice go to Bulgaria. Thessalonika and the nearby peninsula become an autonomous state led by the Jewish population under Ottoman protection. The remaining territory becomes the Neutral State of Albania-Kosovo, divided into Austrian and Italian zones, north and south.
January 14, 1913 Porfirio Diaz, President of Mexico, dies in office. To end the current conflict, former Diaz supporters agree to recognize Francisco Madero as interim president in return for promises of continued patronage. Pancho Villa reconciles with Madero.
January 17th 1913- After close to three years of “The Troubles” , King George V orders Bonar Law to dissolve his government and ordered new elections.
January 31, 1913 - Albania-Kosovo is divided by Austria and Italy. Austria gives Kosovo to Serbia, while retaining the coastal areas.
February 1913 Sung Chiao-jen elected as President of China.
February 3rd 1913- Liberals win the General election and Herbert Asquith returns to the Prime Minister chair. A cease-fire is arranged in Ireland and amnesty given to all leaders of the Irish Troubles as a sign of reconciliation.
March 1913 Theodore Roosevelt is named Secretary of War for the incoming Lodge Administration. Over the next several months he works with a maniacal energy, trying to rebuild the US military after years of neglect.
March 1913 Philander Knox is named Secretary of State.
March 7th 1913- Irish Home Rule Bill finally implemented. Ireland is divided into two territories, Southern Ireland and Northern Ireland with separate Parliaments. Each territory was intended to be self-governing except for subjects reserved to the Crown, defence, foreign affairs, international trade and currency. A Lord Lieutenant represented the King and a Council of Ireland coordinate matters of common concern for both Irelands.
April 1913 Indian and Hindu leaders in the Guyanas contact Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, asking him to come speak to them on gaining more rights in their region. He travels to South America at this time.
April 2, 1913 The flag of revolution is once again raised over the city of Warsaw. The immediate cause of the revolution was the Tsar's crackdown on pro-independence newspapers in Poland. When the Polish legislature doesn't act against the papers, the Tsar orders its dissolution. The Poles refuse.
April 3-10, 1913 All of Poland raises the flag of revolt against the Russians. The garrisons are driven out of the cities in bloody fighting. The revolutionary leaders meet in Warsaw to deliberate on whom to offer the throne of Poland to.
April 10, 1913 The Poles, reputedly at the suggestion of the German Foreign Ministry, offer the throne of the Kingdom of Poland to Archduke Karl, the nephew of Hapsburg Emperor Franz Ferdinand.
April 12-18, 1913 The Tsar furiously demands that Karl refuse the throne. The German Foreign Ministry, assures Franz Ferdinand that Germany will support them if his nephew accepts the throne.
April 18th 1913- The first of the French five ship Normandie Class is laid down. Due to the war and the economic problems after the war they weren’t completed until late 1919.
April 20, 1913 Karl secretly accepts the throne of Poland, but does not yet travel to Warsaw. The German and Austrian armies begin to mobilize.
April 22, 1913 France demands that Germany remain neutral in the "current difficulties" in the East.
April 24, 1913 Germany rejects the French demand and continues mobilizing. British attempts to halt the "diplomatic train wreck" are ignored by all parties.
April 29, 1913 The initial columns of German and Austrian troops march into Poland to "preserve the peace".
April 30, 1913 Russia declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary.
May 1913: Austrian composer Alban Berg, student of Schoenberg, joins the army becoming a low ranking officer while continuing his studies of atonalism. He believes that fighting in the war will help him gain the respect needed to be recognised by Viennese and Berlin donors.
May 1913 Only months after Francisco Madero assumes the Presidency of Mexico, Victoriano Huerta attempts a coup d'etat with limited success. He takes command in Mexico City, but President Madero evades capture and begins to rally supporters against the military coup. US President Lodge agrees to recognize Madero as the rightful president of Mexico in opposition of Huerta’s dictatorship. They provide Madero with military supplies and money, and the strife in Mexico continues.
May 1913: President Lodge creates the Department of Labor, and names Al Smith as its first Secretary. Smith creates decent labor laws which benefit the workers while not infringing upon business. Progressive supporters of La Follete and Bryan criticize Smith's actions for being too mild. Smith in turn denounces ultra-liberalism and calls for a middle way. More conservative Republicans are fearful of Smith, but others see him as a major positive force for the party.
Early May, 1913 The German Army prepares to execute the unmodified Schlieffen Plan, since the Netherlands is willing to allow German troops to march through enroute to France. The forces in the east, with the Austro-Hungarians, will defend the German and A-H borders, leaving the Poles to fend for themselves until the war is won in the West.
May 1913 Mohandas Gandhi had passed over into Dutch Guiana when the outbreak of the war leads to a closing of the border and his being trapped in the Dutch colony. He is hidden from the authorities and rallies the Indian and Hindu portion of the populace to protest the Dutch involvement in the War and for greater civil rights.
May 1, 1913 France declares war on Germany and Austria Hungary.
May 1, 1913- The United States Football Association is founded. Ten teams begin play in Chicago, Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Washington, St. Louis, Cleveland, Cincinnati, and Hartford.
May 3th 1913 El Salvador joins Nicaragua with the signing of the Second Pact of Amapala. This was the result of the invitation of the new Salvadorian leftist regime to the Nicaraguan government to help in the supression of supporters of the former regime early in 1912.
May 9, 1913 -- Hoping to avoid tension with the Ottomans during the upcoming war, Britain pays the Ottomans for the remaining legal title to the territories under its de facto control -- Egpyt, Sudan, Yemen, and Kuwait. Killing two birds with one stone, Britain settles the Yemen-Ethiopian border, too; Ethiopia gets the Aseb, Dahlak, and Hanish Islands, and cedes the remainder to Britain.
May 14th 1913- German 1st Army cross from the Netherlands into Belgium in the direction of Antwerp.
May 15th 1913- Great Britain declares war to Germany due to their violation of the Belgium neutrality. Beginning of battle of Liege that will last until the 25th of May, slowing down the progress of the German 3rd Army.
May 16th 1913- German Chancellor von Bethmann is upset by the British declaration of war, stating in the press that “how Britain could go to war over a piece of paper while our hand stretched in friendship is just pushed away.”
May 17th 1913- Battle of Mulhouse. French following their Plan XVIII launched an offensive to capture the city of Mulhouse. They captured the city on the morning of the 18th.
May 18th 1913- Painter Adolph Hitler is arrested by French authorities as a "hostile foreigner." His experiences during his internment were the basis for two of his most famous paintings.
May 19th 1913- German counteroffensive forces French forces to abandon Mulhouse.
May 20th 1913- Antwerp falls to the German 1st Army, that continued their advance south in the direction of Brussels.
May 23rd 1913- Battle of Brussels. The Belgium Army, under pressure from the German 2nd Army, was forced to face the German 1st Army on their capital or being pocketed. Under the direct leadership of King Leopold, the Belgium forces fought long enough to ensure the escape of close to 70,000 men south but King Leopold is captured trying to escape.
May 23rd 1913- Princess Patricia Canadian Light Infantry Regiment created for service in Europe. It actually made it to the war, with the unit being the only Canadian unit to see combat, in South West Africa.
May 24th 1913- Battle of Morhange-Sarrebourg. French forces launched an invasion of Lorraine and captured both cities. The battle lasted until June 7th, with a German counter offensive recapturing both cities but being decimated trying to advance into French territory.
May 25th 1913- The Japanese Empire declares war to Germany.
May 26th 1913- Invasion of Togoland by Franco-British troops. The invasion lasted five days. With the French surrender in August the British asked the French troops out, who agreed.
May 26th 1913- Tsar orders Imperial forces to enter Poland to quell the rebellion before the German reinforcements could arrive to the area.
May 27th 1913- Capture of Bialystok. Russian 1st Army defeats Polish rebels and capture the city after a short battle.
May 28th 1913- Battle of Rodno. Polish rebels defeated by the advancing Russian 11th Army.
May 28th 1913- Battle of the China Sea.- The German East Asiatic Squadron intercepted by a Japanese fleet trying to escape near Formosa. The Japanese semi-dreadnaughts and semi-battlecruisers decimated the German fleet from the distance but the cruiser Emden escapes.
May 29th 1913- Provisional Polish government asks the Austrians and Germans for help.
May 30th 1913-Three major battles started on this date. The battle of Neufchateau was also part of the French Plan XVIII and was considered by many launching this offensive event with news of the German advance in Belgium as a very obvious mistake. This battle lasted close to six days and the French withdrew from the areas when news from the West made obvious the battle was a waste of resources. The siege of Namur started on this date and lasted until the 5th of June. Last was the battle of Charleroi. A French attempt to help the Belgium defenders in Namur was repulsed by the German 3rd Army.
Summer 1913- King Habibullah of Afghanistan entertains a German mission, but the crafty Afghan ruler clearly viewed the war as a way to play one side of the other. Finally he received assurances in early 1914 from the British government that they will end their control of his nation foreign policy in exchange of assurances of his part to never involve his nation in any type of military alliance.
June 1st 1913- 1st Battle of Lille- First battle between the British BEF and the German forces. German suffered heavy losses but forces the British to move west in the direction of the coast.
June 1st 1913- German 9th Army entered Poland. At the same time the Austrian 1st to 4th armies also entered Poland.
June 2nd 1913- Battle of Brest-Litovsk. Polish force decimated by Russian 5th Army. Situation considered serious by many in the Polish Provisional government.
June 3rd 1913- Battle of Maubeuge. The German 2nd Army captured the city and continued their advance south. The French 5th Army under Lanrezac, facing three German armies began a a withdraw in the direction of Avesnes, leaving a gap between them and the BEF.
June 4th 1913- Battle of Kowel-Lutsk. Two Russian armies defeat the token Polish forces in the area and continue their advance west.
June 5th 1913- Battle of Cambrai. A small French force put together to slow down the German advance is annihilated but still stopped the German 2nd Army for two days.
June 6th 1913- Battle of Loos- A rearguard action fought by the BEF trying to slow down the advancing German 1st Army. The BEF retired to protect the Channel ports. Later historians said the lack of action by the BEF was one of the factor of the French defeat.
June 3rd 1913- Montenegro declares war to Austria-Hungary in support of the actions of their ally Russia.
June 6th 1913- Battle of Dubno. First encounter between Russian and Austrian troops. After a three day battle the Austrian 3rd Army is forced south by Russian forces.
June 7th 1913- 1st Battle of the Bug River. Russian 2nd Army forces a crossing of the river. The token Polish forces in the area are unable to stop the Russian advance in the direction of Warsaw.
June 7th 1913- Puerto Rican president Luis Muñoz Rivera presents to the Puerto Rican Congress an offer to lease the area east of the island and the island of Culebra to the United States for a period of 75 years starting from the approval of the lease.
June 8th 1913- 2nd Battle of the Bug River. The Austrian 4th Army stops the Russian attempt to cross the Bug River west of Kowel.
June 8th 1913- Beginning of the Siege of Tsingtao. Lasted a month and a half with the Japanese in effective control of the Shantung Peninsula by the end of the siege.
June 8th 1913- Some leaders of the former IRA still considered the new Home Rule was not enough met in Cork and plans were being drafted by some of them, like Eamon de Valera, to rose against the “imposed regime” using the ongoing war as an excuse. It was decided to acquire weapons and funds from both the US and Germany.
June 9th 1913- Battle of Guise-St. Quentin- The remains of the French 5th Army under Lanrezac launched a counter offensive to buy time for reinforcements to arrive to the area. Lanrezac forces recaptured both St Quentin and Guise but his forces were considered spent and both cities were recaptured by the Germans three days later. Lanrezac was fired as an scapegoat.
June 10th 1913- Battle of Amiens- Small French force defeated by advancing German 1st Army. The road south laid open.
June 13th 1913- 1st Battle of Warsaw. The German 9th Army’s attempt to save the Polish capital. While finally failing in achieving that objective, the city being captured two weeks later, they bloodied three Russian armies and the advance west was stopped in northern Poland.
June 16th 1913- Battle of Brody. Invasion of Austro-Hungary launched by Russia. Austrian troops forced south after a two day battle.
June 16th 1913- French government escapes to Bordeaux.
June 17th 1913- 1st Battle of the Marne- The recently created French 6th Army and the remains of the 5th Army defeat in a six day battle the advancing German 2nd and 3rd Armies, forcing them to dig in.
June 17th 1913- 3rd Battle of the Bug River. Russian forces finally force a crossing of the river in face of heavy Austrian opposition. Austrian 4th Army forced to retreat into Austria-Hungary.
June 18th 1913- Georgian pro-independence activist Iosef Dzhugashvili, alias Koba, meets secretly with Ottoman officials in Trebizond. The Ottomans offered large quantities of money and weapons to help Koba achieve his dream of a free Georgia. Many later historians considered the Ottomans just middlemen for the Germans in their attempt to further undermine the Russian position.
June 20th 1913- Battle of the Seine- The German 1st Army and the recently created 7th Army defeated the French 7th Army on a five day battle. The German forces crossed the river and swing east to try to encircle the city.
June 21st 1913- Tarnapol falls to the Russian 11th Army.
June 23rd 1913- Battle of Lublin. Austrian troops forced in the direction of the Vistula River after being defeated on a three day battle against superior numbers.
June 23rd 1913- Battle of Reims. Side action launched by the German 3rd Army supporting the 4th Army in pushing the French 4th Army south. The city falls after a short fight.
June 24th 1913- Italy declares war to France.
June 25, 1913 In response to the Italian declaration, Great Britain declares war against Italy.
June 25th 1913- Battle of Fountainbleu-Etamps. A three day battle were the French 6th Army is defeated by the German 1st and 7th Armies, forcing them north in the direction of Paris.
June 27th 1913- 2nd Battle of the Marne- The German 2nd and 3rd Army crossed the Marne and defeat the weakened French 5th Army, they joined with elements of the German 1st army north of Melun on July 1st, effectively surrounding Paris.
June 28th 1913- Lemberg surrounded by Russian troops. Situation considered desperate by the Austro-Hungarian High Command.
June 29th 1913- Battles of the Alps-Name given to the three Italian offensives launched between July and August 1913. All three failed in achieving any significant breakthroughs and casualties were horrific.
June 30, 1913 Italian forces take Djibuti.
July - September 1913 The Uprising spreads from the Indians to the Maroon population. With military assistance from the neighboring colonial British and French, they manage to take the area, proclaiming a Guianan Free State.
July 1913: It is discovered that Japanese 'businessmen' have bribed several members of the Hawaiian legislature, as well as having gained control of the Hawaiian Japanese community. The many 'aboriginal' legislators are removed from office, giving control of the government to pro-US legislators, who vote for the institution of martial law and call for a military governor from the USA. John Pershing is appointed military governor of Hawaii on the recommendation of MacArthur, who never liked the man and was looking for a way to get rid of him. The Japanese government protests when anti-Japanese demonstrations in Hawaii turn violent.
July 2nd 1913- Siege of Paris- Lasted for two months. The French launched two failed attempts to relieve the city, one on July 7th, called by many the 2nd Battle of Chalons sur Marne and another on August 10th called the Battle of Dreux. That second attempt almost achieved the objective intended but fast reaction by the 7th Army commander Paul von Hinderburg defeated the French force composed mainly of recruits and North African troops.
July 3rd 1913: After his immediate supperiors are killed, Berg is forced to take command of a larger force. His personal bravery in the Battle of Kosmenice-Ivangorod wins him press recognition. He was shot in the torso, which caused slight breathing problems which forced him to leave the military.
July 3rd 1913- Battle of Kosmenice-Ivangorod. Attempts to cross the Vistula defeated by Austrian troops after a six day battle. Both sides suffered terrible casualties and were too exhausted to continue. Russian advance stopped on the Vistula river by combined German-Polish-Austrian forces.
July 4, 1913 While leading a protest, Mohandas Gandhi and several others are shot down and killed by the Dutch colonial forces. This ignites the Guianese Uprising. Mohandas Gandhi will go down in history as a great Martyr of the cause.
July 14, 1913 A plot to overthrow the ailing Ethiopian Emperor Menelik II and join the Italian side of the war, is broken up with several arrests. The Emperor's nephew, Lij Iyasu, is one of the key players in the conspiracy, and is executed.
July 14th 1913- Battle of the Dniester River. With the arrival of fresh troops from the Balkans, front is stabilized on the Dniester River. End of Russian advance into Poland and Austro-Hungary.
July 14th 1913- General Armando Diaz launches an invasion of Tunisia from their new territories in Libya. The advance is very limited but their presence served to them asking for Tunisia at the end of the war.
July 16th 1913- Battles of the Lakes. Name given to combat between two Russian Armies and the understrength German 10th and 11th Armies thru late July and early August. The casualties were terrible on both sides but by the middle of August half of East Prussia was under Russian occupation. German public opinion and the sight of refugees were a hit for German morale.
July 22nd 1913- 2nd Battle of Liege- British BEF tries to relieve the French pressure. The city of Lille falls to the British and is hailed as a victory by the British press.
July 26th 1913: Berg is given a heroes welcome in Vienna, where he starts making appearances in the local military and naval leagues and helping encourage volunteers.
August 1913- Puerto Rican cadet Albizu-Campos wounded while helping in the defenses of the city of Paris. He returns home after the war to recover from his wounds but he was back in France in 1915 to end his education as a cavalry officer.
August 11th 1913- Battle of Java Sea- A combined Australian-British naval force defeats the Dutch naval forces near Surabaya with the German cruiser Emden in tow.
August 19th 1913- Tsar Nicholas offers the German and Austrian governments a return to pre-war borders and for them to repudiate Polish independence. Both governments refuse.
August 20th 1913- After a long debate the leasing agreement with the United States is approved by the Puerto Rican Congress, but only for 50 years, after which both nations must agree to extend the lease further.
August 21st 1913- Paris surrenders to the German forces.
August 27th 1913- French government asks for a ceasefire to discuss terms of surrender.
August 29th 1913- Germany accepts a ceasefire and start moving forces to face the British on the Channel.
August 29th 1913- A small military force sailed from New Zealand and captured German Samoa without any bloodshed.
August 30th 1913- British began evacuation of the BEF. Operation last close to a week with very weak German response, them trying to get the British to accept the fait accompli.
September 1913: A group of Madero supporters led by Pancho Villa raid Mexico City killing hundreds of innocent civilians. Madero marches into the city and quickly establishes his own near dictatorship. Huerta flees to the south-west, and forms a large army of loyalists.
September 4th 1913- South African forces launch an invasion of German South West Africa. Due to the overwhelming number of South African forces, the German troops plus Boer allies offered delaying resistance.
September 5th 1913- The Netherlands lodges a protest to Great Britain for their unprovoked attack to their East Indies Fleet. After British refusal to discuss the event, they declare war to the United Kingdom.
September 6th, 1913 Ethiopian and British forces launch a coordinated attack on Eritrea and Italian Somaliland. Djibuti is occupied by the Allies.
September 7th, 1913- Dutch government secretly request the United States to station US Marines in the Dutch West Indies to ensure "the war doesn't spread to the Western Hemisphere."
September 8th 1913- Lt Col Maritz of the South African Army declares his attempt to create a Free Boer nation. Supported by the Germans and close to 12,000 went to his side.
September 9th 1913- The Canadian Automobile Machinegun Brigade created by Brigadier General Raymond Brutier. The unit was the very first fully mechanized unit in the British Army. Using Ford Motors cars and vehicles, the unit was too late to be mobilized to Europe but instead of being disbanded at the end of the war it was used as a test unit for motorization feasibility tests.
September 14th 1913- Australian troops land in German New Guinea.
September 14th 1913- With ceasefire with French in place, the Germans began moving the 2nd and 3rd Armies East.
September 14th to 20th 1913- The Cleveland Naps, who shocked the baseball world by winning the Continental League pennant and the World Series after finishing fifth the season before, defeated the Cincinnati Reds three games to two. While their captain Nap Lajoie had a sub-par season compared to the one he had in 1912; with his average dropping 32 points to .334, his ribbies dropping by 20 to 69 and his stolen bases been reduced to 18 the team was led all the way mainly by the efforts of Chief Bender and Frank Baker. Bender pitched in 50 games, starting 22 of them and finishing 22 of them to have an incredible record on 22 victories with 8 defeats and an ERA of 2.24 plus he had what later was called 15 saves. Meanwhile Frank Baker won the homerun crown for a four consecutive time with 14 of them and the ribbies crown with 124 plus adding a hefty .339 batting average and 32 stolen bases.
September 16th 1913- Japanese troops began landing in the German Micronesian islands, encountering token resistance.
September 18th 1913- Australian troops landed in Timor. Island declared secure by the end of the month.
September 19th 1913- First United States marines are landed in the Dutch West Indies to ensure their safety.
September 21st 1913- Martial law declared in South Africa by Prime Minister Botha.
September 24th 1913- German New Guinea surrendered. Australian troops began to be ferried to the Solomon Islands and Nauru to forestall any attempted Japanese intentions of moving into the area.
September 25th 1913- With the German surrender, Japanese troops took ownership of all German Micronesian colonies.
September 27th 1913- Anglo-Indian force landed in northern Sumatra and began moving south.
September 28th 1913- Russians renew their attacks after a month to replace losses and rebuild their supply lines. Still Polish partisans made the rear areas very dangerous.
September 30th 1913- Lemberg surrenders to the Russians.
September 30th 1913- Boer rebels are defeated in a lighting campaign directed by Jan Smuts. Surviving rebels are forced to flee into German West Africa.
October 1st 1913- Battle of Soldau. The Russian 12th Army launches an attack to the flank of the defenders of East Prussia. Chaos ensues with fear of encirclement.
October 2nd 1913- German 1st Army sent East.
October 4th 1913- Battle of Radom- Two day battle between the Russian 4th Army and Austrian 2nd. Austrian forced west with heavy casualties.
October 4th 1913- Treaty of Reims signed. The terms are considered lenient by most observers. France must revoke all current alliances, ending their participation in the Entente. Small payments imposed on France for a period of five years to Germany and Italy. French Congo and Gabon are ceded to Germany. The area of Briey and Lowny are placed under German administration for five years. The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is allowed to become part of the German Empire if it so chooses. Very small border adjustments are made in favor of Italy on the French-Italian border. Tunisia is ceded to Italy. Belgium’s independence is guaranteed under German protection with no changes on the borders. King Albert of Belgium is made to sell the Belgian Congo to Germany.
October 5th 1913- Battle of Friedland- Russian troops defeats the German 11th Army and force them in the direction of Konigsberg.
October 6th 1913- Australian troops enter Dutch New Guinea.
October 7th 1913- Przemsyl falls to Russian forces after a nine-day battle. Austrian forces began withdrew to the Carpathian Mountains. Talks of leaving the war began to be rumored in some circles.
October 8th 1913- Battle of Zinten-Landberg. The recently arrived German 2nd Army, veterans from the French campaign, defeats the Russian attempt to encircle Konigsberg. Battle ends six days later and the city of Konigsberg still has a landline with the rest of Germany.
October 8th 1913- British troops move inland into Borneo. Japan offers help but politely refused by the British.
October 9th 1913- Germany offers Great Britain and Japan peace with all gains achieved until August 30th being accepted. Of course they both refused.
October 11th 1913- Battle of Allenstein- Russian 10th Army defeats the remnants of the German 10th Army and forces them east.
October 12th 1913- 1st Battle of Lodz- German 9th Army faces two Russian armies and forced west in the direction of the Worte River.
October 16th 1913- Battle of Osterode- Two Russian armies defeat the recently arrived German 3rd Army and the last surviving units of the 10th Army. A bloody two day battle, many consider the German sacrifices as the reason the Russians been stopped in the later battle of Deutsch-Eylau.
October 18th 1913- British force landed in Palembang in Sumatra and began to move north to meet with troops coming from the South.
October 19th 1913- The United States offers the Dutch government to purchase the Dutch West Indies for 25 million dollars.
October 21st 1913- With situation desperate in the Dutch Indies and with fear of their fall just being a question of time, Queen Wilhelmina ask her husband to make peace with the British before the rest of the area falls under their control.
October 21st 1913- The German 3rd and 5th Armies defeat the tired Russian forces and forces them west in the direction of Tannenberg, Homestein and Allenstein, were they began to dig in.
October 22nd 1913-Dutch government agrees to US offer to purchase the Dutch West Indies.
October 23rd 1913- Tarnow falls to the Russian 8th Army.
October 24th 1913- Germany offers a ceasefire to the British to discuss peace.
October 25th 1913- Battles of the Carpathian Passes. Two battles fought between October and November 1913. Both attempts ended in failure and front stayed with the Carpathians as the front lines.
October 26th 1913- 2nd Battle of Lodz- Name given to the German counter-offensive launched by the German 9th and 1st Armies that pushed the tired Russians east and ended in the recapture of Lodz by the Germans nine days later.
October 31st 1913- Battle of Krakow- Last victory of the so-called Russian Fall Offensive. Both sides spent by the fierce fighting. Both sides launched no major operations until the end of the winter in March of the next year.
October 31st 1913- Great Britain accepts German offer of a ceasefire to discuss end of their conflict in a neutral nation.
November 3rd 1913- United States announces they want to be invited to the negotiations due to their concerns in regard to possible violations of the Monroe Doctrine.
November 4th 1913- Great Britain after some backdoor negotiations accepts the United States presence in the negotiations.
November 9th 1913- Raymond Poincare dismisses his whole government and resigns as President of France. Beginning of the “Three-month Crisis” and the end of the Third Republic.
November 13th 1913- Japan laid down the first of the four Yamashiro class battleships. Last ship of the class commissioned by 1918. While faster than the US battleships at the time with 25 knots, they were under-gunned compared to the contemporary US New Mexico Class, just having ten 14” main guns.
November 21st 1913- Negotiations almost ended due to three issues, the status of Borneo, German West Africa and Belgium. While the British had some troops in the first two, their control of both areas was still being disputed and the status of Belgium under the Reims Treaty was being disputed by the British.
November 23rd 1913- Germany relented, agreeing to British acquiring German West Africa in exchange for some preferential trade treatment with their former colony.
December 1913- Many historians state that the Treaty of Madrid is an example of the foreign policy of von Bethmann, trying to create an atmosphere of friendship with the British that as time went by created the objective desired by von Bethmann; an alliance in everything nut name by the early 1930's.
December 4th 1913- Germany finally acknowledge the British control of Borneo in exchange for the British agreeing to the Belgian Congo being put under German protection with the former also receiving an extraterritorial corridor to build an transcontinental railroad. The Belgium Congo is purchased by the German Crown from King Albert, but then transferred to the Dutch in compensation for their losses overseas. However, it was for all intents and purposes German now.
December 5th 1913- Corporal William Roberts(Halsey) is promoted to Sargent and receives the Croix de Guerre for his actions during the Siege of Paris.
December 12th 1913- Remains of the Montenegrin army surrenders near the Serbian border. The nation is put under military administration until the end of the war.
December 18th 1913- The last two ships of the British Revenge Class battleship are cancelled. Only the Revenge and the Royal Oak are completed.
December 19th 1913- Pope Leo XIV dies.
December 28th 1913- Treaty of Madrid agreed by all parts after some horse-trading. Japan acquires the Shantung Peninsula and the former German Micronesia. Australia annexes both German and Dutch New Guinea plus the Solomon Islands and Nauru. Portugal was ceded the western half of Timor Island. United States purchase of the former Dutch West Indies is recognized by all signatories. Belgium is returned to their former position as a neutral nation with no changes on the borders. Great Britain incorporates into their Empire the former German colonies of Togoland and German West Africa and the former Dutch colonies of Sumatra and Borneo. Italy cedes Eritrea to Ethiopia, and Italian Somaliland to Great Britain. Djibuti is returned to France. Despite early attempts by the British to incorporate Guiana into British Guyana, the US support for the independent state leads to its recognition as an independent nation.