several american political AH Challanges

1 The US Constitution does not contain the famous clause forbidding the establishment of state church(es) in the US, either at the federal or state levels. Consequences? State churches do get established in some, but not all states. Major fights over admission of new states with and/or without established churches. U.S. government is much less centralized.

2 Instead of 2 senators per state elected, the US senate is established to be an upper house of appointed dignitaries, appointed by the governors of the states. Consequences? Consequences: different politicians than historically may have used the Seante as a stepping stone to the Presidency, and many fewer populist types in the Senate.

3 At the 'Constitutional Convention', the Articles of Confederation really are only fixed up, not scrapped, and no single federal executive is established
('President of the United States'). Instead, the executive set up is on deliberately Roman Republican lines, a dual consulship of two co-equal executives, each independently elected and each holding a veto over both legislation and the executive actions of the other. Consequences?

4 After the American revolution, the USA decides not to establish either a standing army or navy of any size, at all. What are the consequences?

Vary this by saying we had these things, but then consciously chose to eliminate them after the successful 'reconstruction' following the USCW?
Following WWI?

Straha said:

2 Instead of 2 senators per state elected, the US senate is established to be an upper house of appointed dignitaries, appointed by the governors of the states. Consequences? Consequences: different politicians than historically may have used the Seante as a stepping stone to the Presidency, and many fewer populist types in the Senate.

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Weren't you aware that that is pretty much how the Senate was run for several years until the adoption of the 17th Amendment?

As originally stated:

Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote.

There are pros and cons to this decision. I doubt that ability to appoint Senators will rest with the Governor alone, but would have to be confirmed by the state legislature.

1 America, being less free, probably has a lot less immigration. Those who do are likely "WASPs". Without Catholics and other religionists, a much less pluralistic country as well.
2 I agree with your guesses there. If they are apponted for like, could alter the politics of Congress as well.
3 Nothing ever gets done. As someone pointed out on my Confederate thread, confederations just don't work. The "United States" finally falls apart.
4 We get pushed around more, maybe even end up with smaller borders.
The earlier these are discarded, the less the effects (except #3, which is probably irreversable).