A Different Star [Mormons in Canada]

A Different Star

Chapter One: Winter Quarters


Winter_Quarters_by_C.C.A._Christensen.png

Winter Quarters, modern Nebraska, 1846​

“The winter of 1846-1847 was undoubtedly the low-point of Brigham Young’s life. The Latter Day Saint exodus, following the conflict in Illinois and Missouri, had halted for the winter, had stalled for the season at the camp that became known as Winter Quarters. Here approximately 2500 men, women, and children shivered in small wooden huts and tents, wagons drawn in close, and waited for spring thaw. Tuberculosis, malaria, fevers, and chills were rife. It seemed to Young, sick himself, to be the end of the world”.

Jennifer Ross, American Moses: The Life of Brigham Young, University of Ontario, 2012

Historical turning points are rarely able to be tacked on to particular moments. Beyond the back-and-forth of battles or revolutions, it is hard to point to a moment and say ‘this was key’. Yet the tantalising entry in Brigham Young’s diary for December 3rd 1846 hints at just such an elusive connection.[1]

“December 3rd
By the Lord’s Grace we survive another day here. Not only thrive, I think, but flourish. Perhaps. If providence wills it. Today I was visited by a French Papist, the US envoy not appearing from the East. Father Jean-Baptiste, although a servant of a false religion as Smith himself attested from his visions of Moroni, speaks as a decent man. He tells of the open lands to the North that, although claimed by another nation, are more open than much of the West. Ripe for a chosen people. I have much to pray upon tonight”.


Those early sentiments, which could so easily have been but a flicker in his diary, were the embers of a flame fanned into life by the arrival, in April 1847, of the manpower and money of the returned British Mission. The Saints who had been involved in that long missionary work attested to the sympathy of ordinary Britons, of their desire for spiritual salvation, and of the grand technical achievements of, at the time, the most industrialised country in the world. With new converts in Britain eagerly awaiting a message that a new land for the Church had been found, it seemed to provide the impetus for a newly invigorated Young.

Claiming to be led by his visions of fervent belief, when the Mormon Pioneers broke camp, leaving Winter Quarters behind, their journey was not their original path West, but North instead.

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[1] This is the POD. Historically the presence of Thomas Kane, US Govt, and Father de Smet (missionary to the Great Plains), helped convince Young that journeying West would be both fruitful and not antagonistic to the United States. Here, without those meetings, he meets another missionary Jean-Baptiste Thibault and, still suspicious of hostility from Washington, takes a different route.

N.B.

1. Spectre of Europe is not dead. This is just an idea I can't get out of my head.

2. Whilst I know quite a bit about the LDS, my general US history knowledge can be uneven. I hope kind readers will understand and make suggestions when mistakes appear!
 
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Chapter Two: Zarahemla

Chapter Two: Zarahemla

'Now it came to pass that Alma began to deliver the word of God unto the people, first in the land of Zarahemla, and from thence throughout all the land.'

Alma 5:1, The Book of Mormon

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A modern, romanticised, depiction of the pioneers reaching their new home in 1847

It took the large party of nearly three thousand pioneers much of the year of 1847 to reach their promised land.

Life on the trail was hard - swollen rivers and burning heat alternating as the lumbering wagon train stretched out across the Great Plains. The Iowa Territory, scorching in the heat of the summer, lay open before them as they wound their way northwards.

As the trading outposts and frontier forts started to become fewer and fewer, the more the column felt dwarfed by the landscape. Many of the pioneers, used to the more verdant lands of the Midwest or New England, had brought saplings with them and, as they gazed out over the endless seas of shifting grassland, those small plantlings in their wagons were a precarious reminder of home.

Early contact with Native Americans was fraught with mistrust and suspicion on both sides. The Mandan, the more sedentary of the Plains people, had been devastated by smallpox ten years before and kept a wary distance from the travelers. The more nomadic Sioux tribes were open in their displeasure, shadowing the convoy and keeping wary eyes on it as it trailed through their lands. Mormon pioneers, on their parts, seem to have been agonised by the thought of attack - indeed when, in August 1847, some of the pioneers died from heatstroke their graves were laid out and then run over by the wagon train as it moved on in an effort to dissuade the natives from disturbing the graves. There was no evidence to suggest the Sioux would want to, but the pioneers were too tense to think otherwise.

By the end of October, as the colder weather was settling in, they finally began to settle in on their objective. Early in September they had reached Fort Benton, a small fur-trading post on the Upper Missouri established by French traders that year and, pushing on from that refreshed, the weary column crossed the 49th parallel and into Canadian territory.

Here, amid the slightly frozen grasslands of the northern grasslands, the pioneers stopped. It would be hard, with a tough winter ahead of them, but they had found a home. It would, taking inspiration from the Book of Mormon, be called Zarahemla after the city of old.

Within days sod huts were being dug in the cold ground, buffalo hunted for winter food, and the sick tended. The wagon train, passing through modern Montana, had been afflicted by fever, probably from ticks. Amongst the sick was the leader himself, Brigham Young, and although he had been able to look out over their new land with glassy eyes, there was real fear he would not last until spring.
 
Looks interesting. I'm really enjoying your other timeline so I look foward to great things in this one! :D
 
Chapter Three: New Spring

‘I find that the apple trees are too harsh on the soil, but that the grapes and onions take well to the dark earth. I think you will be pleased with our little house – not as grand as in Concord but still a home. So, farewell for now, and kisses to baby. I hope to see you in the new country soon.’ Xx

Letter from Thomas Hendy, one of the original settlers in Zarahemla, back to his family in the East. His wife Betsy and their seven children made the arduous journey Northwest to join Thomas in 1851 and the Hendy family flourished in their new homestead. Their story was typical of thousands of Mormon pioneers to the Northwest.

Brigham Young survived the harsh winter that saw the new community dig deep into its reserves of faith to continue in the Canadian Prairies, but as the spring sun began to melt the frozen soil he faltered, slipping deeper into an illness he would not recover from.

Young had become President of the Church in the chaotic aftermath of the murder of the prophet and founder Joseph Smith. Smith, killed in Carthage, Illinois, by a mob of anti-Mormon protestors, had left a power vacuum behind him. Young had emerged as the head of the largest group of Saints, intent on escaping the US they now saw as hostile, but two other factions had split away. Sidney Rigdon remained head of those LDS members determined to remain in the US, particularly on the Eastern Seaboard, whilst James Strang had remained in the Midwest with a smaller group. Even before they had set off East, and then North, the Mormons had splintered. Now, as Young coughed and hacked his last dying breaths, many feared a similar fragmentation. It was decided a new leader needed to be picked at speed.

John Taylor, an English convert, was among the favourites but, before leaving Illinois, Young had sent him to London to continue the mission there. Whilst Taylor was already en-route, bringing with him over one thousand new converts, elders in Zarahemla worried that the shaky little settlement would simply be unable to wait.

The compromise choice for First President of the Church was, instead, Erastus Snow. The leader of the pioneer scouts, and a Vermonter by extraction, Snow was a choice that, whilst not inspiring many, offended none.

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A colour-tinted picture of the sod houses many Mormon families in the new settlement relied upon for the early years

Meanwhile Zarahemla slowly grew around the new arrivals. Small wooden or stone houses began to be erected, although the vast majority of migrants continued to live in sod huts cut from the very soil. The new pioneers experimented with a variety of crops, attempting to grow everything from watermelons to grapes, but found that wheat and barley took to the sweeping plains best.

By the time the English column arrived, other smaller groups had already made the trek to join the saints in their new home. By the end of 1849 Zarahemla numbered some eight thousand inhabitants, with a trickle of new settlers arriving seemingly daily.

This swelling presence, of course, would lead to problems in the future, both amongst the mix of nationalities present in the community and with the Indians beyond its borders. For now, though, Mormon settlers were content to see praise providence for their safe arrival in a new home.
 

TFSmith121

Banned
An LDS-settled alt-Alberta?

By the end of October, as the colder weather was settling in, they finally began to settle in on their objective. Early in September they had reached Fort Benton, a small fur-trading post on the Upper Missouri established by French traders that year and, pushing on from that refreshed, the weary column crossed the 49th parallel and into Canadian territory.

An LDS-settled alt-Alberta?

Interesting...

Best,
 
I don't know much about the LDS, but still find them very interesting. I will look forward to reading this one through!
 
Also, interesting to see the Mormon adoption of sod-homes on the Plains. I wonder if the sod home will become a symbol of the community; sod built homes were (and actually still are) actually far better suited for the prairie than eastern wood frame homes as they provide much better insulation, are made from materials close at hand and easier to repair. My advisor in Grad School studied earth homebuilding techniques pretty extensively and I had the pleasure of joining his group twice while doing restoration work on an old farmstead in western North Dakota.

The interesting thing is; you can actually have an earthen home that has wooden siding to mimic a more typical American home. Just an idea: but would the community perhaps take to building earth homes to symbolize their divorce from the rest of the American society?
 
An LDS-settled alt-Alberta?

Interesting...

Best,

Oh, I like this...

Subscribed.

I don't know much about the LDS, but still find them very interesting. I will look forward to reading this one through!

Thank you all.

As for sod houses, I don't know how far to take it really. I know that they were better suited to the plains and used much more widely than the popular image of the West would have us believe today, but I can't see them winning out culturally - they were almost always seen as stop-gaps. Although it would be amazing to think of a grand Tabernacle like in Salt Lake OTL built out of sod!
 
Chapter Four: First People

Chapter Four: First People

The Blackfeet live in camps, and each camp has its chief, who controls its movements. They have no villages, and raise no grain of any kind. They are strict nomads moving from place to place, and staying in one place but a short time. They have horses and they follow the game.
Lewis Morgan, Kansas and Nebraska Journal, 1859

Six_Blackfeet_Chiefs_-_Paul_Kane.jpg

Six Blackfeet Chiefs as painted by Paul Kane​

The Blackfeet, or as they called themselves the Niitsitapi, lived not in tribes but loose, unrelated, bands. Organised of a lodge structure, and usually somewhere between 100 and 300 tribesmen, the Blackfeet settled down into winter quarters to survive the fierce winter but as the sun emerged in late spring would shake off their cold with the Sun Dance. This signaled a move back out into the wide open spaces of the Plains - made much easier since the arrival of horses.

The Blackfeet relied on the buffalo and, as Zarahemla slowly grew, they found themselves competing with the new arrivals for their main foodsource.

Situations started out tense. The bands had been decimated by smallpox in the 1830s, brought by the white man, and had vivid and painful memories. The LDS leadership, for their part, were jittery after having been expelled with violence from Illinois and Missouri. Both sides were armed and on edge.

The spring of 1851, however, saw President Snow dispatch Alpheus Cutler on a mission to the Blackfeet to time with their emergence from static quarters over winter. The so-called Lamanite Mission, named after the wicked dark-skinned rivals of the Nephites the Mormons believed they themselves were descended from, actually aimed at a conciliatory tone.

With the rich soil of Alberta finally turning a profit, at least in feeding Zarahemla, it was a reasonable possibility for the Mormons to pull their hunters back in exchange for peaceful co-existence with the native population. Whilst Brigham Young had always advocated a hard-line with Indians, the new, weaker, Presidency devolved more decision making to the wider body of the Quorum of Twelve that sat beneath it. Newer arrivals, particularly Danish and British newcomers who had not experienced the trials of the West before, were tempted to approach the natives with a more conciliatory outlook.

Much, of course, depended on the Blackfoot reaction.
 
Chapter Five: Medicine Hat

Chapter Five: Medicine Hat

“There are many different paths to understanding the world”
Blackfoot Proverb


The Old Fox, as Cutler was known to the Church elders, was in his sixties when he travelled, with only three assistants, into Blackfoot territory. Cutler was an infamous renegade, a man used to following his own star and ignoring others, but Snow had given him a wide brief in the hope that he would be content with owning the detail of the negotiations himself.

Cutler finally stopped his progress, in May 1851, at the settlement of Saamis – known in the English tongue as Medicine Hat. The gentle sloping valley had long been a gathering point not only for the Blackfeet but also the Cree and Assiniboine peoples. Now, settling onto the slope with his wagon and horses, Cutler began the steady task of negotiation.

Negotiations were painfully slow, with mistrust on all sides. “Lie down with dogs and wake up with fleas” was a Blackfoot Proverb used around the missionaries often enough that Cutler recorded it in an early letter back to Snow. Over the course of the two month negotiation the Mormon presence at Medicine Hat grew to almost eighty, with a windmill and farmland set up within the area allocated to them by the chiefs.

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The New Mission in Medicine Hat, which replaced Cutler's original building in the 1890s, is perhaps one of the most iconic structures of early LDS history in Alberta.​

Although it seems, from the sources, that these were incidental building projects, actually the laying out of land before the chiefs seemed to help facilitate a compromise. Able to see with their own eyes the sort of lifestyle, and landownership, the Church envisioned for Zarahemla, Blackfoot leaders began to understand the purpose of the mission. The terms, between the Blackfoot Confederacy of lodges and the Church of Latter Day Saints, signed in June 1851, is an extraordinary document. A land treaty with no maps, which were viewed with suspicion by the tribes, it reflects the oral traditions tribes used to demark their lands. Rivers and forests, valleys and mountains, were used to ring Zarahemla in to a large portion of southern Alberta whilst also maintaining tribal lands. Lodges would, with permission, be allowed to follow migrating buffalo herds across Mormon land just as Mormon traders and missionaries would, with tribal agreement, be allowed to move and settle in small pockets outside of their zone.

Cutler remained, for the rest of his life, in the slowly growing settlement of Medicine Hat, which by the end of 1851 numbered some 233 LDS settlers. Snow was content with allowing the irascible man to have his own private fief, essentially, and this level of autonomy helped keep Cutler within the Church as a whole. Besides, as the 1850s wore on the Church had bigger problems. By mid-decade Zarahemla, growing steadily to around 11,000 by 1856, was poised to receive new waves of Mormon settlers from the East and Europe but was also attracting the attention of the Canadian Government.
 
Mormons on the Canadian Prairies? Consider me subscribed.

I'm only assuming they settle in what becomes known as Canada based on the text, but TBH this would be one of the coolest ways for the US to take control of land north of the 49th parallel :D
 

Zioneer

Banned
As a Mormon who loves Mormon-themed AH, you have my attention and my respect. Feel free to ask me anything you aren't sure on in regards to Mormonism, though you're doing well so far. I do like the alternate succession; in OTL Mormonism it was traditionally the most senior apostle that succeeded the previous prophet, but of course the new prophet has to be sustained by the body of the church. You're just cutting out the middleman, which makes sense.
 
Loving the updates!

Can't wait to see how Britain/Canada reacts.

Thank you both.


Mormons on the Canadian Prairies? Consider me subscribed.

I'm only assuming they settle in what becomes known as Canada based on the text, but TBH this would be one of the coolest ways for the US to take control of land north of the 49th parallel :D

I'm really sorry for you guys then. :D:p

:p

You have to admit, that would border on rule of cool territory though!

It might be cool but, to be honest, I think there are too many US-UK war threads already and that isn't where I want to go with this timeline!

Thanks for following though, hope you still enjoy!


As a Mormon who loves Mormon-themed AH, you have my attention and my respect. Feel free to ask me anything you aren't sure on in regards to Mormonism, though you're doing well so far. I do like the alternate succession; in OTL Mormonism it was traditionally the most senior apostle that succeeded the previous prophet, but of course the new prophet has to be sustained by the body of the church. You're just cutting out the middleman, which makes sense.

Thank you. That means a lot. I think the most useful thing, actually, is if you pull me up on anything that seems jarring and un-Mormon to you?

Although I think without Brigham Young this timeline's LDS is going to be a very different creature. Like him or not, Young had such an incredible role in shaping the early church it seems to me.
 
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