The Devil & The Deep Blue Sea: spin-off of Hendryk's 'Superpower Empire: China 1912'

This timeline is a spin-off set in Hendryk's "Superpower Empire: China 1912" TL (the latest version of which can be read here, and which has various other spin-off stories here).

The basic premise of The Devil & the Deep Blue Sea is, well, imagine a world where the vast expanse of the tropical seas hosts constructions like this:

otec_l6hw.jpg


This is a world where when people talk about harnessing the power of the seas, they aren't just using a metaphor.

This is a world where ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is an alternative energy source, and quite a successful one.

Ocean thermal energy conversion relies on the fact that when the oceans are heated by the tropical sun, it creates a difference in water temperature. The surface waters are blissfully warm, while a kilometre or so down, the waters are cold and dark.

Where you have a difference in heat, then there's potential. Find a way to pump up cold dark water from the deeps, mix it with warm surface water, and you can use it to create electricity - and other things, too.

OTEC takes two basic forms. There's an open cycle form where the warm and cold water are allowed to mix, like this:

otec-process.jpg


Or there's a closed-cycle variation, where everything is kept separate, like so:

OTEC_closed_power_cycle_300.jpg


If set up properly, OTEC can be used to generate electricity without needing fuel of any sort, just drawing on the heat of the oceans. Low running costs, and power which can be used to generate electricity - or a variety of spin-off applications.

That's the basic concept, of course. In OTL, the technology has been successfully applied at an experimental level, but it has not yet been turned into commercial-scale electricity production.

In the world of The Devil & The Deep Blue Sea... things are quite different.
 

Hendryk

Banned
Yes, it's a new concept I'm trying out for "Superpower Empire", and Jared was kind enough to volunteer for it. This ATL is canon within the context of the broader original TL, just as the stories of TSE are.

Thanks again, Jared, for putting sinews and flesh on the bare bones of the idea I sent you.
 

maverick

Banned
So, this is even more hardware oriented than the 3.0 version, which was by now 50% hardware oriented already?

Also, I can't see the pictures.

And when does this take place? does it start in 1912 like the original TL or elsewhere in the narrative?

Edit: oh, there they are.
 
Very cool, though one of the problems IMO is that the necessary materials technology for OTEC to be profitable will have vastly greater ramifications than the technology itself. For example a heat engine with that efficency will allow fossil fuel power plants to convert large amounts of their waste heat into electricity, making coal plants produce 5-25% more energy per unit of coal, a massive boost to the grid before the first OTEC is built.

Another note is that the first OTEC systems might actually be in the Arctic rather than the tropics - if you have a system that can work for a mile of seawater you can more easily build a hundred foot tower (in an inverse of the tropical ocean model heat engine the thermal gradient exploited is that between the warmish sea and the freezing air).
 
Hmmm how this is spin-off of will make things interesting.

It's using the background of Superpower Empire, but won't be touching directly on events described in the main TL. (Come to that, I still haven't finished reading v3.0 of the TL, but I'll get to that.) It's basically figuring out the likely technological (and economic and social) effects of the development of OTEC.

Thanks again, Jared, for putting sinews and flesh on the bare bones of the idea I sent you.

Glad to help, although it still feels weird writing a TL with a PoD after 1900...

So, this is even more hardware oriented than the 3.0 version, which was by now 50% hardware oriented already?

It might be, but there's also going to be some social effects, too. Odd ones, in a couple of cases.

And when does this take place? does it start in 1912 like the original TL or elsewhere in the narrative?

What's written so far is a chronological mini-TL starting in 1930, which is where the first Papilio tempestae flaps its wings, and running through until 2000.

It's basically a series of dates with brief explanations, not a long narrative. There's plenty of scope for other people to take the ideas and run with them in narrative format, or in writing new Tales of the Superpower Empire, too. I'll probably get around to writing some narratives at some point, too, but not yet.

Looks very interesting - looking forward to more details.

Coming soon to a thread near you...

Very cool, though one of the problems IMO is that the necessary materials technology for OTEC to be profitable will have vastly greater ramifications than the technology itself. For example a heat engine with that efficency will allow fossil fuel power plants to convert large amounts of their waste heat into electricity, making coal plants produce 5-25% more energy per unit of coal, a massive boost to the grid before the first OTEC is built.

Hmm. I'm not sure about that. The technology for extremely efficient OTEC energy conversion - up to 97% of the seawater-to-steam conversion process - was achieved back in 1984 in OTL, but it hasn't been taken up elsewhere. I don't pretend to know enough about engineering and materials tech to be sure, but I'd have thought that if there were spin-offs for fossil fuel plants, they'd be used in OTL.

As I see it, the main attraction of OTEC is the low running costs (if it can be made to work). Low thermal efficiency per iteration, but fuel is practically free, and it avoids the lack of baseload power problems of some renewable energy sources (eg wind or solar).

In other words, it's used a bit like geothermal energy is used in OTL - only viable in some restricted areas, and so is never going to make up a huge percentage of the global energy supply.

Another note is that the first OTEC systems might actually be in the Arctic rather than the tropics - if you have a system that can work for a mile of seawater you can more easily build a hundred foot tower (in an inverse of the tropical ocean model heat engine the thermal gradient exploited is that between the warmish sea and the freezing air).

I've heard that idea mentioned in brief, but don't have enough information to really develop much more about it. What I've done is taken the experimental work which has been done on OTEC in OTL, and extrapolate it a bit.
 

Hendryk

Banned
As I see it, the main attraction of OTEC is the low running costs (if it can be made to work). Low thermal efficiency per iteration, but fuel is practically free, and it avoids the lack of baseload power problems of some renewable energy sources (eg wind or solar).
Quite. It's very literally an engine that runs on water. Once it's started, only the wear and tear of its parts gets in the way of its running indefinitely.
 
The Devil & The Deep Blue Sea, Parte the Firste

The history of OTEC begins with this man, Georges Claude:

GeorgesClaude.jpg


An engineer, chemist and a noted inventor, Claude made a name for himself as the creator of the neon lamp, and for developing a process to extract large amounts of pure oxygen from the air.

Claude had a wide variety of other interests, though. In time they would lead him to exploring OTEC.

In 1930, Georges Claude sets up an experimental land-based OTEC plant at Aparri, the Philippines. [In OTL, he set his plant up in Cuba.] Claude’s plant uses warm seawater which is flash-evaporated into low-pressure steam, used to drive a turbine, then condensed back into liquid by spraying with cold deep-ocean water.

Claude experiences some considerable technical difficulties in matching the power and seawater systems, but he is admirably persistent. His experimental plant eventually generates 100 kW of usable electricity. [In OTL, Claude experienced similar difficulties, but was working in Cuba where the thermal difference between deep and surface water was lower, and this made his plant much less efficient. His OTL Cuban plant eventually produced about 22 kW of usable electricity. ATL, the greater thermal efficiency allows him to produce more electricity from his initial plant, which in turn encourages him to persist and resolve some of the problems matching the power to the seawater systems.]

1934: Claude’s experimental plant provides proof-of-concept of the feasibility of OTEC, and he names the process cercle azur. [Roughly translated, “blue circle”.] However, he lacks the funds to build a larger plant and develop it into direct electricity generation. With the world mired in the Great Depression, he cannot attract any investors from either his native France or the American rulers of the Philippines.

Claude turns his attention to another commercial application: ice generation. In a world which still lacks cheap refrigeration, iceboxes are the standard method of storing food and other items which need cold storage. Claude believes that the OTEC process will produce cheaper ice for tropical countries than any other available method.

1935-6: Claude acquires an interest in an old cargo ship, the Tunisie:

tunisie1.jpg


He moors the Tunisie off the eastern coast of Luzon Island, the Philippines, and sets about building a new, more efficient cercle azur plant. The new plant looks something like this:

SSP100MWOTEC2.jpg


When installed on the ship, the whole plant looks like this:

tunisie4.jpg


Over the next nine months, Claude completes a working plant which can produce up to 500 tons of ice cheaper than any alternative method. He forms a small company, called Eau Solide, to market the ice in Manila and Cebu City.

And thus in this timeline, OTEC has its first commercial success...
 

Hendryk

Banned
In 1930, Georges Claude sets up an experimental land-based OTEC plant at Aparri, the Philippines. [In OTL, he set his plant up in Cuba.]
I must say, the decision he took in OTL to set up his plant in Cuba was puzzling, as the Gulf of Mexico's waters are shallow and therefore not a very interesting spot for experimenting with OTEC. The Philippines, on the other hand, have both an abundance of warm surface water and very deep oceanic trenches to pump cold water from, a fact known since the 1870s.
 
The Devil & The Deep Blue Sea, Parte the Seconde

Continuing on from the first post, French inventor George Claude had just developed the first successful commercial application of OTEC: for ice-making, not pure electrical generation. After this, things start to diverge...

1936: Claude’s success attracts the notice of the giant Japanese industrial firm Mitsubishi Electric. The company’s owners are intrigued by the commercial potential for ice generation, but also for scaling up cercle azur power generation in a country which needs to import most of its energy. Mitsubishi Electric invests heavily in Eau Solide, on the condition that work on new electrical generation systems is conducted in Japanese-ruled Taiwan, not the American-ruled Philippines.

1937-40: Claude relocates most of his work to Taiwan, where he builds a land-based cercle azur plant at Taitung City. [At this stage, Taitung City is a backwater – no pun intended – within Taiwan, but it is the best site for an OTEC plant within Taiwan, being close to deep water and having the warmest surface waters of any significant Taiwanese city.] Eau Solide continues to produce ice for Manila and the Philippines, and makes a (commercially unsuccessful) attempt to set up a new ice production facility off Manado in the Dutch East Indies in 1939, but most of the serious research work is done in Taiwan.

1941: Claude’s newest cercle azur plant produces a net power load of 500 kW when operating at maximum efficiency. The plant supplies a significant part of Taitung City’s (limited) demand for electricity. Claude intends to scale his plant up further, but he cannot solve the problem of building a workable deep-water pipe to bring in cold water. [Claude experienced similar problems with piping in OTL in 1935 when he tried to build a 2.2 MW plant in one go. Here, he has a smaller, somewhat more efficient plant which can work with smaller pipes, but where he cannot (yet) resolve the technical challenge of getting a larger cold-water pipe attached to a floating OTEC plant.]

1941-1944: The Pacific is engulfed in war. Trapped on Taiwan, Claude continues to tinker with his cercle azur plant. Crippled by a shortage of funding and raw materials in a Japanese economy reoriented for war, he makes only limited progress at adapting his plant, and no progress at all at solving the piping problem.

1945: After the war in the Pacific ends, Claude finds himself in a very difficult position. He is charged with collaboration with Japan and supporting the Axis war effort. Luckily for him, the Allied military courts clear him of the charges. Rumours circulate that the “white devil” was spared because US commercial interests want Claude to continue his work with Eau Solide, now using American rather than Japanese investment. [Claude is luckier here than in OTL, where he was convicted of developing pro-Axis propaganda and sentenced to life in prison.]

1946-49: The controversy over Claude’s wartime activities have an unexpected benefit: it raises the profile of his cercle azur technology. A variety of commercial enterprises and individual inventors begin experimenting with the technology in places such as Hawaii, southern Florida, the Ivory Coast, and the newly-independent Philippines.

For the first few years, the main interest is in using the “Claude cycle” for direct electricity generation. [The open-cycle with direct condensation (ie direct contact between cold seawater and the steam to recondense it to liquid) is called the Claude cycle ITTL. It has the disadvantage that it does not produce fresh water as a by-product, but it is cheaper and less complicated to build since the alternatives require a thermal barrier between the cold seawater and the steam, and additional condenser units if freshwater is to be extracted.]

Early 1950s: The most successful applications of cercle azur are a French-built plant on the Ivory Coast (Claude assisted with the development), and an American plant in Hawaii. Claude’s plant generates about 2.2MW of electricity. The American plant generates a smaller amount of power, but its designers have begun to experiment with alternatives to the Claude cycle. In particular, they are interested in using different forms of condensation so that the steam remains separated from cold seawater, and can thus be used to generate fresh water as a commercial by-product of power generation.

1955: The French plant on the Ivory Coast is expanded and reaches an effective maximum production of 2.5MW. [2.5MW is the maximum for single-module open-cycle OTEC. Plants cannot be built larger than this without installing multiple modules, which is a greater technological challenge. Closed-cycle OTEC can theoretically be scaled up to 100MW, but this relies on building very efficient intake pipes, particular for deep-sea cold water, which has its own engineering challenges.]

This year also marks Claude’s last active involvement in cercle azur; he is now in his early eighties. After a long and successful career as an engineer, chemist, inventor and artist, he retires to the Pyrenees to return to painting and breathing fresh mountain air. He will live for another 7 years and make occasional appearances at engineering conventions and the like. [In OTL, Claude was imprisoned for 5 years after WW2 for collaboration, and died in 1960. ITTL, without the stresses of prison, he lives a little longer (until 1962).]

Even with the "devil" departing the world, his legacy of the seas will live on...
 
I must say, the decision he took in OTL to set up his plant in Cuba was puzzling, as the Gulf of Mexico's waters are shallow and therefore not a very interesting spot for experimenting with OTEC. The Philippines, on the other hand, have both an abundance of warm surface water and very deep oceanic trenches to pump cold water from, a fact known since the 1870s.

Well if you're running an experimental platform you want it near the major supplier of spare parts (the US) and you want your rather expensive bit of equipment to be recoverable in the event of problems.

Plus using those cold deep waters makes for a longer and more expensive piping system, on top of running the ship out into the ocean proper, if your just going for a short one he might have decided not to bother with the deep water.
 

maverick

Banned
Interesting, I wasn't expecting this guy to be funded by Mitsubishi or to cooperate with Japan, but of course I had literaly never heard of him before this thread, so that's to be expected.

Funny that he isn't charged with cooperating with the Axis, in a way reminds me of all those Nazi and Japanese Scientists brought to the United States after the war...maybe they thought that the cercle Azur was a superweapon or something. :p
 

Hendryk

Banned
Mitsubishi Electric invests heavily in Eau Solide, on the condition that work on new electrical generation systems is conducted in Japanese-ruled Taiwan, not the American-ruled Philippines.
Obviously, since Georges Claude had already founded Air Liquide, it makes sense that his next business venture be called Eau Solide...
 
FUN HISTORICAL FACT!

The phrase "Between the Devil and the Deep blue sea" comes from the age of whaling ships when most sailors referred to the large, newly copper plated keels, of their ships as "The Devil"

To be "Between the Devil and the Deep blue sea" meant you had fallen overbored and the ship was passing you over...
Thusly the phrase "Between the Devil and the Deep blue sea" came to mean you are FCKED!
 

maverick

Banned
So it's the Whaler equivalent of "between a rock and a hard place"?

That is interesting, good to know.
 

Hendryk

Banned
Interesting, I wasn't expecting this guy to be funded by Mitsubishi or to cooperate with Japan, but of course I had literaly never heard of him before this thread, so that's to be expected.
He faded into obscurity after the war in OTL due to his involvement with the Vichy regime, but he was a fairly prominent businessman and inventor before then. The idea of using differences in ocean water temperatures to generate energy comes from his mentor Arsène d'Arsonval (1851-1940), but the very first mention of the concept is found, of all places, in 20,000 Leagues under the Sea by Jules Verne. In the story, Nemo explains that he considered "producing electricity from the diversity of [the ocean's] water temperatures". You could say it's a steampunk idea :cool:

Here is d'Arsonval:

KCT3D00Z.jpg
 
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